An introduction to causal discovery

Abstract In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in contrast, aims to uncover causal relationships amon...

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Main Author: Martin Huber
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2024-10-01
Series:Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-024-00131-4
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author Martin Huber
author_facet Martin Huber
author_sort Martin Huber
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in contrast, aims to uncover causal relationships among multiple variables in a data-driven manner, by investigating statistical associations rather than relying on predefined causal structures. This approach, more common in computer science, seeks to understand causality in an entire system of variables, which can be visualized by causal graphs. This survey provides an introduction to key concepts, algorithms, and applications of causal discovery from the perspectives of economics and social sciences. It covers fundamental concepts like d-separation, causal faithfulness, and Markov equivalence, sketches various algorithms for causal discovery and discusses the back-door and front-door criteria for identifying causal effects. The survey concludes with more specific examples of causal discovery, e.g., for learning all variables that directly affect an outcome of interest and/or testing identification of causal effects in observational data.
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spelling doaj-art-e7a61bd6bb344858bc68ec60d27ad8cc2025-08-20T02:18:33ZengSpringerOpenSwiss Journal of Economics and Statistics2235-62822024-10-01160111610.1186/s41937-024-00131-4An introduction to causal discoveryMartin Huber0Department of Economics, University of FribourgAbstract In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in contrast, aims to uncover causal relationships among multiple variables in a data-driven manner, by investigating statistical associations rather than relying on predefined causal structures. This approach, more common in computer science, seeks to understand causality in an entire system of variables, which can be visualized by causal graphs. This survey provides an introduction to key concepts, algorithms, and applications of causal discovery from the perspectives of economics and social sciences. It covers fundamental concepts like d-separation, causal faithfulness, and Markov equivalence, sketches various algorithms for causal discovery and discusses the back-door and front-door criteria for identifying causal effects. The survey concludes with more specific examples of causal discovery, e.g., for learning all variables that directly affect an outcome of interest and/or testing identification of causal effects in observational data.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-024-00131-4
spellingShingle Martin Huber
An introduction to causal discovery
Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics
title An introduction to causal discovery
title_full An introduction to causal discovery
title_fullStr An introduction to causal discovery
title_full_unstemmed An introduction to causal discovery
title_short An introduction to causal discovery
title_sort introduction to causal discovery
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-024-00131-4
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