Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration
Human–machine interfacing (HMI) has emerged as a critical technology in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics, with hydrogels offering unique advantages as multifunctional materials that seamlessly connect biological systems with electronic devices. This review provides a detailed examinati...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Gels |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/232 |
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| author | Aziz Ullah Do Youn Kim Sung In Lim Hyo-Ryoung Lim |
| author_facet | Aziz Ullah Do Youn Kim Sung In Lim Hyo-Ryoung Lim |
| author_sort | Aziz Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human–machine interfacing (HMI) has emerged as a critical technology in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics, with hydrogels offering unique advantages as multifunctional materials that seamlessly connect biological systems with electronic devices. This review provides a detailed examination of recent advancements in hydrogel design, focusing on their properties and potential applications in HMI. We explore the key characteristics such as biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and responsiveness, which are essential for effective and long-term integration with biological tissues. Additionally, we highlight innovations in conductive hydrogels, hybrid and composite materials, and fabrication techniques such as 3D/4D printing, which allow for the customization of hydrogel properties to meet the demands of specific HMI applications. Further, we discuss the diverse classes of polymers that contribute to hydrogel conductivity, including conducting, natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymers, emphasizing their role in enhancing electrical performance and mechanical adaptability. In addition to material design, we examine the regulatory landscape governing hydrogel-based biointerfaces for HMI applications, addressing the key considerations for clinical translation and commercialization. An analysis of the patent landscape provides insights into emerging trends and innovations shaping the future of hydrogel technologies in human–machine interactions. The review also covers a range of applications, including wearable electronics, neural interfaces, soft robotics, and haptic systems, where hydrogels play a transformative role in enhancing human–machine interactions. Thereafter, the review addresses the challenges hydrogels face in HMI applications, including issues related to stability, biocompatibility, and scalability, while offering future perspectives on the continued evolution of hydrogel-based systems for HMI technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e7a19ed22e4a4f1bbd3cf2ae231411a3 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj-art-e7a19ed22e4a4f1bbd3cf2ae231411a32025-08-20T03:13:47ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612025-03-0111423210.3390/gels11040232Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine IntegrationAziz Ullah0Do Youn Kim1Sung In Lim2Hyo-Ryoung Lim3Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMajor of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMajor of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaHuman–machine interfacing (HMI) has emerged as a critical technology in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics, with hydrogels offering unique advantages as multifunctional materials that seamlessly connect biological systems with electronic devices. This review provides a detailed examination of recent advancements in hydrogel design, focusing on their properties and potential applications in HMI. We explore the key characteristics such as biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and responsiveness, which are essential for effective and long-term integration with biological tissues. Additionally, we highlight innovations in conductive hydrogels, hybrid and composite materials, and fabrication techniques such as 3D/4D printing, which allow for the customization of hydrogel properties to meet the demands of specific HMI applications. Further, we discuss the diverse classes of polymers that contribute to hydrogel conductivity, including conducting, natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymers, emphasizing their role in enhancing electrical performance and mechanical adaptability. In addition to material design, we examine the regulatory landscape governing hydrogel-based biointerfaces for HMI applications, addressing the key considerations for clinical translation and commercialization. An analysis of the patent landscape provides insights into emerging trends and innovations shaping the future of hydrogel technologies in human–machine interactions. The review also covers a range of applications, including wearable electronics, neural interfaces, soft robotics, and haptic systems, where hydrogels play a transformative role in enhancing human–machine interactions. Thereafter, the review addresses the challenges hydrogels face in HMI applications, including issues related to stability, biocompatibility, and scalability, while offering future perspectives on the continued evolution of hydrogel-based systems for HMI technologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/232human–machine interfacinghydrogelsbiocompatible materialswearable electronicsconductive hydrogelsneural interfaces |
| spellingShingle | Aziz Ullah Do Youn Kim Sung In Lim Hyo-Ryoung Lim Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration Gels human–machine interfacing hydrogels biocompatible materials wearable electronics conductive hydrogels neural interfaces |
| title | Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration |
| title_full | Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration |
| title_fullStr | Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration |
| title_short | Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration |
| title_sort | hydrogel based biointerfaces recent advances challenges and future directions in human machine integration |
| topic | human–machine interfacing hydrogels biocompatible materials wearable electronics conductive hydrogels neural interfaces |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/232 |
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