Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model
In this study, it is aimed to establish a novel method based on a deep‐learning‐guided surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique to achieve rapid and accurate classification of vaginal cleanliness levels. We proposed a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach to enhance spectral quality, co...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Advanced Intelligent Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400587 |
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| author | Jia‐Wei Tang Xin‐Ru Wen Hui‐Min Chen Jie Chen Kun‐Hui Hong Quan Yuan Muhammad Usman Liang Wang |
| author_facet | Jia‐Wei Tang Xin‐Ru Wen Hui‐Min Chen Jie Chen Kun‐Hui Hong Quan Yuan Muhammad Usman Liang Wang |
| author_sort | Jia‐Wei Tang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, it is aimed to establish a novel method based on a deep‐learning‐guided surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique to achieve rapid and accurate classification of vaginal cleanliness levels. We proposed a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach to enhance spectral quality, coupled with a deep learning algorithm long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network to analyze SERS spectra produced by vaginal secretions. The performance of various machine learning (ML) algorithms is assessed using multiple evaluation metrics. Finally, the reliability of the optimal model is tested using blind test data (N = 10/group for each cleanliness level). The data quality of the SERS fingerprints of four types of vaginal secretions is significantly improved after VAE decoding and reconstruction. The signal‐to‐noise ratio of the generated spectra increased from the original 2.58–11.13. Among all algorithms, the VAE–LSTM algorithm demonstrates the best prediction ability and time efficiency. Additionally, blind test datasets yielded an overall accuracy of 85%. In this study, it is concluded that the deep‐learning‐guided SERS technique holds significant potential in rapidly distinguishing between different levels of vaginal cleanliness through human vaginal secretion samples. This contributes to the efficient diagnosis of vaginal cleanliness levels in clinical settings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e7471009e1984a31a6889784f736e679 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2640-4567 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advanced Intelligent Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-e7471009e1984a31a6889784f736e6792025-08-20T02:40:29ZengWileyAdvanced Intelligent Systems2640-45672024-12-01612n/an/a10.1002/aisy.202400587Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory ModelJia‐Wei Tang0Xin‐Ru Wen1Hui‐Min Chen2Jie Chen3Kun‐Hui Hong4Quan Yuan5Muhammad Usman6Liang Wang7Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaSchool of Medical Informatics and Engineering Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221000 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaLaboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 ChinaIn this study, it is aimed to establish a novel method based on a deep‐learning‐guided surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique to achieve rapid and accurate classification of vaginal cleanliness levels. We proposed a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach to enhance spectral quality, coupled with a deep learning algorithm long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network to analyze SERS spectra produced by vaginal secretions. The performance of various machine learning (ML) algorithms is assessed using multiple evaluation metrics. Finally, the reliability of the optimal model is tested using blind test data (N = 10/group for each cleanliness level). The data quality of the SERS fingerprints of four types of vaginal secretions is significantly improved after VAE decoding and reconstruction. The signal‐to‐noise ratio of the generated spectra increased from the original 2.58–11.13. Among all algorithms, the VAE–LSTM algorithm demonstrates the best prediction ability and time efficiency. Additionally, blind test datasets yielded an overall accuracy of 85%. In this study, it is concluded that the deep‐learning‐guided SERS technique holds significant potential in rapidly distinguishing between different levels of vaginal cleanliness through human vaginal secretion samples. This contributes to the efficient diagnosis of vaginal cleanliness levels in clinical settings.https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400587autoencoderslong short‐term memoriesmachine learningsvaginal cleanliness gradingsvaginal secretions |
| spellingShingle | Jia‐Wei Tang Xin‐Ru Wen Hui‐Min Chen Jie Chen Kun‐Hui Hong Quan Yuan Muhammad Usman Liang Wang Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model Advanced Intelligent Systems autoencoders long short‐term memories machine learnings vaginal cleanliness gradings vaginal secretions |
| title | Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model |
| title_full | Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model |
| title_fullStr | Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model |
| title_short | Classification of Vaginal Cleanliness Grades through Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis via The Deep‐Learning Variational Autoencoder–Long Short‐Term Memory Model |
| title_sort | classification of vaginal cleanliness grades through surface enhanced raman spectral analysis via the deep learning variational autoencoder long short term memory model |
| topic | autoencoders long short‐term memories machine learnings vaginal cleanliness gradings vaginal secretions |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400587 |
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