GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Diabetes Research |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 |
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| _version_ | 1849467536927621120 |
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| author | Ramu Adela Sanjay K. Banerjee |
| author_facet | Ramu Adela Sanjay K. Banerjee |
| author_sort | Ramu Adela |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e71d40d5baf5440eb6bd3f32c421746c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2314-6745 2314-6753 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Diabetes Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-e71d40d5baf5440eb6bd3f32c421746c2025-08-20T03:26:10ZengWileyJournal of Diabetes Research2314-67452314-67532015-01-01201510.1155/2015/490842490842GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational ProspectiveRamu Adela0Sanjay K. Banerjee1Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 122014, IndiaDrug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 122014, IndiaGrowth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 |
| spellingShingle | Ramu Adela Sanjay K. Banerjee GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective Journal of Diabetes Research |
| title | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
| title_full | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
| title_fullStr | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
| title_full_unstemmed | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
| title_short | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
| title_sort | gdf 15 as a target and biomarker for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases a translational prospective |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 |
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