Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus mechanisms for the consortium and private blockchain technology. It has been recognized as a candidate consensus mechanism for the Internet of Things networks as it offers lower resource requirements and high performance...

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Main Authors: Ziyi Zhou, Oluwakayode Onireti, Lei Zhang, Muhammad Ali Imran
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7688
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author Ziyi Zhou
Oluwakayode Onireti
Lei Zhang
Muhammad Ali Imran
author_facet Ziyi Zhou
Oluwakayode Onireti
Lei Zhang
Muhammad Ali Imran
author_sort Ziyi Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus mechanisms for the consortium and private blockchain technology. It has been recognized as a candidate consensus mechanism for the Internet of Things networks as it offers lower resource requirements and high performance when compared with other consensus mechanisms such as proof of work. In this paper, by considering the blockchain nodes are wirelessly connected, we model the network nodes distribution and transaction arrival rate as Poisson point process and we develop a framework for evaluating the performance of the wireless PBFT network. The framework utilizes slotted ALOHA as its multiple access technique. We derive the end-to-end success probability of the wireless PBFT network which serves as the basis for obtaining other key performance indicators namely, the optimal transmission interval, the transaction throughput and delay, and the viable area. The viable area represents the minimum PBFT coverage area that guarantees the liveness, safety, and resilience of the PBFT protocol while satisfying a predefined end-to-end success probability. Results show that the transmission interval required to make the wireless PBFT network viable can be reduced if either the end-to-end success probability requirement or the number of faulty nodes is lowered.
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issn 1424-8220
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spelling doaj-art-e7158b8bbd1540d9bdf393fedc57c58d2025-08-20T01:55:41ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-11-012423768810.3390/s24237688Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and OptimizationZiyi Zhou0Oluwakayode Onireti1Lei Zhang2Muhammad Ali Imran3James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKJames Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKJames Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKJames Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKPractical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus mechanisms for the consortium and private blockchain technology. It has been recognized as a candidate consensus mechanism for the Internet of Things networks as it offers lower resource requirements and high performance when compared with other consensus mechanisms such as proof of work. In this paper, by considering the blockchain nodes are wirelessly connected, we model the network nodes distribution and transaction arrival rate as Poisson point process and we develop a framework for evaluating the performance of the wireless PBFT network. The framework utilizes slotted ALOHA as its multiple access technique. We derive the end-to-end success probability of the wireless PBFT network which serves as the basis for obtaining other key performance indicators namely, the optimal transmission interval, the transaction throughput and delay, and the viable area. The viable area represents the minimum PBFT coverage area that guarantees the liveness, safety, and resilience of the PBFT protocol while satisfying a predefined end-to-end success probability. Results show that the transmission interval required to make the wireless PBFT network viable can be reduced if either the end-to-end success probability requirement or the number of faulty nodes is lowered.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7688PBFTIoT networkconsensus networkblockchainwireless blockchain networkslotted ALOHA
spellingShingle Ziyi Zhou
Oluwakayode Onireti
Lei Zhang
Muhammad Ali Imran
Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
Sensors
PBFT
IoT network
consensus network
blockchain
wireless blockchain network
slotted ALOHA
title Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
title_full Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
title_fullStr Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
title_full_unstemmed Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
title_short Slotted ALOHA Based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization
title_sort slotted aloha based practical byzantine fault tolerance pbft blockchain networks performance analysis and optimization
topic PBFT
IoT network
consensus network
blockchain
wireless blockchain network
slotted ALOHA
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7688
work_keys_str_mv AT ziyizhou slottedalohabasedpracticalbyzantinefaulttolerancepbftblockchainnetworksperformanceanalysisandoptimization
AT oluwakayodeonireti slottedalohabasedpracticalbyzantinefaulttolerancepbftblockchainnetworksperformanceanalysisandoptimization
AT leizhang slottedalohabasedpracticalbyzantinefaulttolerancepbftblockchainnetworksperformanceanalysisandoptimization
AT muhammadaliimran slottedalohabasedpracticalbyzantinefaulttolerancepbftblockchainnetworksperformanceanalysisandoptimization