A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions

Effort is a ubiquitous feature in the decision-making literature. Increasing numbers of studies examine the effect of effort requirements on behavior using a discounting framework, assessing the process by which the subjective value of an outcome decreases as the effort required to obtain it increas...

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Main Authors: Gisel G. Escobar, Suzanne H. Mitchell
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-01-01
Series:Judgment and Decision Making
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Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525100090/type/journal_article
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author Gisel G. Escobar
Suzanne H. Mitchell
author_facet Gisel G. Escobar
Suzanne H. Mitchell
author_sort Gisel G. Escobar
collection DOAJ
description Effort is a ubiquitous feature in the decision-making literature. Increasing numbers of studies examine the effect of effort requirements on behavior using a discounting framework, assessing the process by which the subjective value of an outcome decreases as the effort required to obtain it increases. Therefore, a review of methodological approaches, findings, and issues is timely. Accordingly, in this systematic review, we identified research studies examining effort discounting to explore how choice architecture factors used in delay discounting and other experimental manipulations affected effort discounting, and the mathematical descriptors used to summarize the relationship between subjective value and effort requirements. Our analysis suggests an area ripe for future research and identifies important knowledge gaps. These gaps are attributable to the use of divergent definitions of effort, as well as highly heterogeneous methodologies, which limit our ability to generate strong conclusions about the intersection between effort and delay discounting processes.
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spelling doaj-art-e70da2c00fba41a0b53b85828b0d4c5e2025-08-26T03:43:03ZengCambridge University PressJudgment and Decision Making1930-29752025-01-012010.1017/jdm.2025.10009A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directionsGisel G. Escobar0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-8341Suzanne H. Mitchell1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-7200https://ror.org/01tmp8f25 National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico City, MexicoOregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USAEffort is a ubiquitous feature in the decision-making literature. Increasing numbers of studies examine the effect of effort requirements on behavior using a discounting framework, assessing the process by which the subjective value of an outcome decreases as the effort required to obtain it increases. Therefore, a review of methodological approaches, findings, and issues is timely. Accordingly, in this systematic review, we identified research studies examining effort discounting to explore how choice architecture factors used in delay discounting and other experimental manipulations affected effort discounting, and the mathematical descriptors used to summarize the relationship between subjective value and effort requirements. Our analysis suggests an area ripe for future research and identifies important knowledge gaps. These gaps are attributable to the use of divergent definitions of effort, as well as highly heterogeneous methodologies, which limit our ability to generate strong conclusions about the intersection between effort and delay discounting processes.https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525100090/type/journal_articleeffort discountingsystematic reviewexperimental manipulationsmathematical modelshumans
spellingShingle Gisel G. Escobar
Suzanne H. Mitchell
A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
Judgment and Decision Making
effort discounting
systematic review
experimental manipulations
mathematical models
humans
title A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
title_full A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
title_fullStr A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
title_full_unstemmed A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
title_short A systematic review of effort discounting research in humans: Current knowledge, recommendations, and future directions
title_sort systematic review of effort discounting research in humans current knowledge recommendations and future directions
topic effort discounting
systematic review
experimental manipulations
mathematical models
humans
url https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525100090/type/journal_article
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