Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites
Galician wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) serves as the foundational component of Galician bread, a traditional Spanish product granted the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI, EU quality scheme), which is primarily conserved at the Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo (CIAM),...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-12-01
|
| Series: | Agriculture |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/1/51 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849219723110121472 |
|---|---|
| author | Luís Urquijo-Zamora Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo Ángeles Romero-Rodríguez Matilde Lombardero-Fernández Ana María Ramos-Cabrer Cristina Isabel Fernández-Otero |
| author_facet | Luís Urquijo-Zamora Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo Ángeles Romero-Rodríguez Matilde Lombardero-Fernández Ana María Ramos-Cabrer Cristina Isabel Fernández-Otero |
| author_sort | Luís Urquijo-Zamora |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Galician wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) serves as the foundational component of Galician bread, a traditional Spanish product granted the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI, EU quality scheme), which is primarily conserved at the Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo (CIAM), Xunta de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain. This study evaluated 20 ecotypes and cultivars, in comparison to 4 Galician wheats and 14 commercial wheat varieties used as references. Seventeen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were evaluated to elucidate their genetic structure, determine their origins, and differentiate them from commercial cultivars for traceability purposes. In total, 296 wheat plants were analyzed, revealing 156 unique genotypes, 13 of which were from commercial cultivars and 143 of which were from local cultivars and ecotypes. The SSR loci revealed 221 microsatellite alleles, with an average of 11 alleles per locus. Of these, 151 alleles were found in local cultivars and ecotypes, and 134 were present in commercial cultivars, with 65 and 50 alleles exclusive to each group, respectively. A Structure software analysis demonstrated substantial genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.26) between two primary clusters, RPP1 (comprising commercial cultivars, and two ecotypes, 41 and 43) and RPP2 (consisting of local cultivars, elite lines, and ecotypes). Moreover, neighbor-joining tree analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the high differentiation between these clusters, highlighting the singularity of Galician wheat, which is useful for the traceability of Galician bread. Furthermore, the SSRs were effective in tracking the use of Galician wheat, which displayed specific Galician alleles, in flour, sourdough, and bread samples, corroborating previous findings even when a greater number of Galician ecotypes were included. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6e4a0dcb4be4d60ba70cace09b872ba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-e6e4a0dcb4be4d60ba70cace09b872ba2025-01-10T13:13:31ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722024-12-011515110.3390/agriculture15010051Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by MicrosatellitesLuís Urquijo-Zamora0Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo1Ángeles Romero-Rodríguez2Matilde Lombardero-Fernández3Ana María Ramos-Cabrer4Cristina Isabel Fernández-Otero5Department of Crop Production, Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo, 15318 A Coruña, SpainDepartment of Plant Production and Engineering Projects, Higher Polytechnic School of Engineering, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainInstitute for Agrarian Biodiversity and Rural Development (IBADER), Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainInstitute for Agrarian Biodiversity and Rural Development (IBADER), Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartment of Plant Production and Engineering Projects, Higher Polytechnic School of Engineering, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartment of Crop Production, Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo, 15318 A Coruña, SpainGalician wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) serves as the foundational component of Galician bread, a traditional Spanish product granted the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI, EU quality scheme), which is primarily conserved at the Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo (CIAM), Xunta de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain. This study evaluated 20 ecotypes and cultivars, in comparison to 4 Galician wheats and 14 commercial wheat varieties used as references. Seventeen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were evaluated to elucidate their genetic structure, determine their origins, and differentiate them from commercial cultivars for traceability purposes. In total, 296 wheat plants were analyzed, revealing 156 unique genotypes, 13 of which were from commercial cultivars and 143 of which were from local cultivars and ecotypes. The SSR loci revealed 221 microsatellite alleles, with an average of 11 alleles per locus. Of these, 151 alleles were found in local cultivars and ecotypes, and 134 were present in commercial cultivars, with 65 and 50 alleles exclusive to each group, respectively. A Structure software analysis demonstrated substantial genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.26) between two primary clusters, RPP1 (comprising commercial cultivars, and two ecotypes, 41 and 43) and RPP2 (consisting of local cultivars, elite lines, and ecotypes). Moreover, neighbor-joining tree analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the high differentiation between these clusters, highlighting the singularity of Galician wheat, which is useful for the traceability of Galician bread. Furthermore, the SSRs were effective in tracking the use of Galician wheat, which displayed specific Galician alleles, in flour, sourdough, and bread samples, corroborating previous findings even when a greater number of Galician ecotypes were included.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/1/51simple sequence repeats (SSRs)<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.variabilitylocal cultivarsecotypesgermplasm bank |
| spellingShingle | Luís Urquijo-Zamora Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo Ángeles Romero-Rodríguez Matilde Lombardero-Fernández Ana María Ramos-Cabrer Cristina Isabel Fernández-Otero Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites Agriculture simple sequence repeats (SSRs) <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. variability local cultivars ecotypes germplasm bank |
| title | Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites |
| title_full | Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites |
| title_short | Genetic Diversity of Local Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and Traceability in the Production of Galician Bread (Protected Geographical Indication) by Microsatellites |
| title_sort | genetic diversity of local wheat i triticum aestivum i l and traceability in the production of galician bread protected geographical indication by microsatellites |
| topic | simple sequence repeats (SSRs) <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. variability local cultivars ecotypes germplasm bank |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/1/51 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT luisurquijozamora geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites AT santiagopereiralorenzo geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites AT angelesromerorodriguez geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites AT matildelombarderofernandez geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites AT anamariaramoscabrer geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites AT cristinaisabelfernandezotero geneticdiversityoflocalwheatitriticumaestivumilandtraceabilityintheproductionofgalicianbreadprotectedgeographicalindicationbymicrosatellites |