“Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows
In this paper, we study the dust dynamics in the molecular outflow using an analytical magnetohydrodynamical outflow model. Specifically, we investigate the maximum size of dust grains ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ that can be lifted by the outflow and whether they can escape into interstellar space. We al...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Hayato Uchimura Takahiro Kudoh Yusuke Tsukamoto |
| author_facet | Hayato Uchimura Takahiro Kudoh Yusuke Tsukamoto |
| author_sort | Hayato Uchimura |
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| description | In this paper, we study the dust dynamics in the molecular outflow using an analytical magnetohydrodynamical outflow model. Specifically, we investigate the maximum size of dust grains ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ that can be lifted by the outflow and whether they can escape into interstellar space. We also investigate the dependence of the maximum size of the dust grains on various outflow parameters, such as the mass ejection rate of the outflow $\dot{M}$ , the disk size r _disk , the mass of the central protostar M _* , and the internal dust density ρ _mat . We find the empirical formula for the maximum dust size as a function of the outflow parameters. Parameter ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ depends on the parameters as ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ ∝ ${\dot{M}}^{1.0}$ ${r}_{{\rm{disk}}}^{-0.44}$ ${M}_{* }^{-0.82}$ ${\rho }_{{\rm{mat}}}^{-1.0}$ . We also find that the dust grains with sizes of 100 μ m to 1 mm can be lifted by the outflow and can distribute well outside of the disk when the mass ejection rate of the outflow has a value of 10 ^−7 to 10 ^−6 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . This result is consistent with recent observations that show a correlation between the mass ejection rate of the outflow and the spectral index β of the dust opacity at the envelope scale. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e6d3117dbec44444a655efb55f2f89bd2025-08-20T02:16:06ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01984214310.3847/1538-4357/adc806“Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by OutflowsHayato Uchimura0https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9609-5953Takahiro Kudoh1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1292-940XYusuke Tsukamoto2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-676XGraduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanFaculty of Education, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, JapanGraduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanIn this paper, we study the dust dynamics in the molecular outflow using an analytical magnetohydrodynamical outflow model. Specifically, we investigate the maximum size of dust grains ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ that can be lifted by the outflow and whether they can escape into interstellar space. We also investigate the dependence of the maximum size of the dust grains on various outflow parameters, such as the mass ejection rate of the outflow $\dot{M}$ , the disk size r _disk , the mass of the central protostar M _* , and the internal dust density ρ _mat . We find the empirical formula for the maximum dust size as a function of the outflow parameters. Parameter ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ depends on the parameters as ${a}_{d\mathrm{,max}}$ ∝ ${\dot{M}}^{1.0}$ ${r}_{{\rm{disk}}}^{-0.44}$ ${M}_{* }^{-0.82}$ ${\rho }_{{\rm{mat}}}^{-1.0}$ . We also find that the dust grains with sizes of 100 μ m to 1 mm can be lifted by the outflow and can distribute well outside of the disk when the mass ejection rate of the outflow has a value of 10 ^−7 to 10 ^−6 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . This result is consistent with recent observations that show a correlation between the mass ejection rate of the outflow and the spectral index β of the dust opacity at the envelope scale.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc806Interstellar mediumProtoplanetary disksYoung stellar objectsPlanet formationProtostars |
| spellingShingle | Hayato Uchimura Takahiro Kudoh Yusuke Tsukamoto “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows The Astrophysical Journal Interstellar medium Protoplanetary disks Young stellar objects Planet formation Protostars |
| title | “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows |
| title_full | “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows |
| title_fullStr | “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows |
| title_full_unstemmed | “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows |
| title_short | “Ashfall” Induced by Molecular Outflow in Protostar Evolution. II. Analytical Study on the Maximum Size of Dust Grains Lifted by Outflows |
| title_sort | ashfall induced by molecular outflow in protostar evolution ii analytical study on the maximum size of dust grains lifted by outflows |
| topic | Interstellar medium Protoplanetary disks Young stellar objects Planet formation Protostars |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc806 |
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