Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing

Addressing the escalating complexity and performance demands of stainless steels in industrial and biomedical contexts, duplex-phase high-nitrogen (N) nickel-free stainless steel (DHNAS) comprising austenitic (γ) and ferritic (α) phases represents a prospective solution. By synergistically integrati...

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Main Authors: Yufeng Tao, Liansheng Lin, Xudong Ren, Xuejiao Wang, Xia Cao, Yunxia Ye, Erjin Zhang, Heng Gu, Zijie Dai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425020277
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author Yufeng Tao
Liansheng Lin
Xudong Ren
Xuejiao Wang
Xia Cao
Yunxia Ye
Erjin Zhang
Heng Gu
Zijie Dai
author_facet Yufeng Tao
Liansheng Lin
Xudong Ren
Xuejiao Wang
Xia Cao
Yunxia Ye
Erjin Zhang
Heng Gu
Zijie Dai
author_sort Yufeng Tao
collection DOAJ
description Addressing the escalating complexity and performance demands of stainless steels in industrial and biomedical contexts, duplex-phase high-nitrogen (N) nickel-free stainless steel (DHNAS) comprising austenitic (γ) and ferritic (α) phases represents a prospective solution. By synergistically integrating γ-phase ductility and α-phase strength via dislocation density engineering, DHNAS demonstrates exceptional adaptability for mass production or bespoke applications. However, opaque process-property relationships, microstructural inhomogeneity, and geometric constraints hinder its additive manufacturing (AM) capabilities. This work incorporates laser selective melting protocols with gas-atomized BiossN micro-powders to unravel the thermodynamic evolution of γ/α duplex-phase during the AM process. Through parameter modulation, we establish predictive phase fraction control (0.5–44.9 % γ-phase), achieve high nitrogen supersaturation (1.01 wt% via Mn alloying and N2 gas protection), and maintain exceptional biocompatibility (>99 % fibroblast viability over 14-day cytotoxicity assays). Artificial tunability of microstructured high-nitrogen γ/α duplex-phase at tight topological control promises transformative opportunities not possessed by individual ferrite or austenitic phase, allowing pre-programming mechanics (density, strength, hardness, and tensile properties) for next-generation industrial or implantable biomedical uses requiring complex geometries and multi-functions.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2238-7854
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publishDate 2025-09-01
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series Journal of Materials Research and Technology
spelling doaj-art-e6b7e82e4d5645dcaadc92c914cbeded2025-08-25T04:14:28ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-09-01383199320710.1016/j.jmrt.2025.08.074Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturingYufeng Tao0Liansheng Lin1Xudong Ren2Xuejiao Wang3Xia Cao4Yunxia Ye5Erjin Zhang6Heng Gu7Zijie Dai8School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Corresponding author. School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Corresponding author.School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR ChinaAddressing the escalating complexity and performance demands of stainless steels in industrial and biomedical contexts, duplex-phase high-nitrogen (N) nickel-free stainless steel (DHNAS) comprising austenitic (γ) and ferritic (α) phases represents a prospective solution. By synergistically integrating γ-phase ductility and α-phase strength via dislocation density engineering, DHNAS demonstrates exceptional adaptability for mass production or bespoke applications. However, opaque process-property relationships, microstructural inhomogeneity, and geometric constraints hinder its additive manufacturing (AM) capabilities. This work incorporates laser selective melting protocols with gas-atomized BiossN micro-powders to unravel the thermodynamic evolution of γ/α duplex-phase during the AM process. Through parameter modulation, we establish predictive phase fraction control (0.5–44.9 % γ-phase), achieve high nitrogen supersaturation (1.01 wt% via Mn alloying and N2 gas protection), and maintain exceptional biocompatibility (>99 % fibroblast viability over 14-day cytotoxicity assays). Artificial tunability of microstructured high-nitrogen γ/α duplex-phase at tight topological control promises transformative opportunities not possessed by individual ferrite or austenitic phase, allowing pre-programming mechanics (density, strength, hardness, and tensile properties) for next-generation industrial or implantable biomedical uses requiring complex geometries and multi-functions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425020277High-nitrogen stainless steelDuplex phaselaser selective meltingBiocompatibilityMechanical properties
spellingShingle Yufeng Tao
Liansheng Lin
Xudong Ren
Xuejiao Wang
Xia Cao
Yunxia Ye
Erjin Zhang
Heng Gu
Zijie Dai
Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
Journal of Materials Research and Technology
High-nitrogen stainless steel
Duplex phase
laser selective melting
Biocompatibility
Mechanical properties
title Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
title_full Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
title_fullStr Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
title_full_unstemmed Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
title_short Duplex γ/α-phase evolution of biocompatible high-nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
title_sort duplex γ α phase evolution of biocompatible high nitrogen stainless steel in additive manufacturing
topic High-nitrogen stainless steel
Duplex phase
laser selective melting
Biocompatibility
Mechanical properties
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425020277
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