Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition
Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel with high strength was prepared by utilizing laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) technology, followed by normalizing and tempering (N&T) to enhance ductility and toughness with underlying mechanisms unraveled through detailed microstructu...
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Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425009019 |
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| author | Zhichen Wang Linjiang Chai Shuangshuang Zhong Chaodan Hu Tao Yang Yi Tang Yu Wu Xiaolian Tan Peng Song Hao Yu Korukonda L. Murty |
| author_facet | Zhichen Wang Linjiang Chai Shuangshuang Zhong Chaodan Hu Tao Yang Yi Tang Yu Wu Xiaolian Tan Peng Song Hao Yu Korukonda L. Murty |
| author_sort | Zhichen Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel with high strength was prepared by utilizing laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) technology, followed by normalizing and tempering (N&T) to enhance ductility and toughness with underlying mechanisms unraveled through detailed microstructural analysis. Owing to ultrafast heating and cooling features in laser processing, the L-DEDed specimen exhibits a complicated heterostructure, including ultrafine martensite with high-density of dislocations, a small amount of retained δ-ferrite and austenite, and a few second-phase particles at grain boundaries. After the N&T heat treatment, the L-DED-N&Ted specimen exhibits a more uniform martensitic microstructure with a typical hierarchical feature, along with the presence of dense Cr-rich M23C6-type and Ta-rich MX-type precipitates distributed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensitic lath boundaries. The L-DEDed specimen exhibits ultra-high tensile strength (∼1.6 GPa) yet with relatively low elongation (∼6 %) and limited impact toughness (∼20 J/cm2). For the L-DED-N&Ted specimen, its tensile strength decreases but still has a considerably high value of ∼800 MPa, along with largely enhanced elongation (almost doubled) and impact toughness (2.5–3.5 times increased). The high strength of L-DEDed specimen is mainly attributed to strengthening due to dislocations, solid-solution and hetero-deformation, with its lower impact toughness due largely to the existence of δ-ferrite and austenite. The N&T heat treatment produces a more homogeneous microstructure for the RAFM steel along with the elimination of δ-ferrite and austenite. Such microstructural characteristics facilitate suppressing crack initiation and rapid propagation, remarkably enhancing the ductility and impact toughness of the RAFM steel. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e68f0f08aa954d9f9a7ea3367ecd6672 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-e68f0f08aa954d9f9a7ea3367ecd66722025-08-20T03:09:04ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-05-01363873388510.1016/j.jmrt.2025.04.080Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy depositionZhichen Wang0Linjiang Chai1Shuangshuang Zhong2Chaodan Hu3Tao Yang4Yi Tang5Yu Wu6Xiaolian Tan7Peng Song8Hao Yu9Korukonda L. Murty10College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China; Corresponding author.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, ChinaScience and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China; Corresponding author.Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, ChinaInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, JapanInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, JapanDepartment of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7909, USAReduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel with high strength was prepared by utilizing laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) technology, followed by normalizing and tempering (N&T) to enhance ductility and toughness with underlying mechanisms unraveled through detailed microstructural analysis. Owing to ultrafast heating and cooling features in laser processing, the L-DEDed specimen exhibits a complicated heterostructure, including ultrafine martensite with high-density of dislocations, a small amount of retained δ-ferrite and austenite, and a few second-phase particles at grain boundaries. After the N&T heat treatment, the L-DED-N&Ted specimen exhibits a more uniform martensitic microstructure with a typical hierarchical feature, along with the presence of dense Cr-rich M23C6-type and Ta-rich MX-type precipitates distributed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensitic lath boundaries. The L-DEDed specimen exhibits ultra-high tensile strength (∼1.6 GPa) yet with relatively low elongation (∼6 %) and limited impact toughness (∼20 J/cm2). For the L-DED-N&Ted specimen, its tensile strength decreases but still has a considerably high value of ∼800 MPa, along with largely enhanced elongation (almost doubled) and impact toughness (2.5–3.5 times increased). The high strength of L-DEDed specimen is mainly attributed to strengthening due to dislocations, solid-solution and hetero-deformation, with its lower impact toughness due largely to the existence of δ-ferrite and austenite. The N&T heat treatment produces a more homogeneous microstructure for the RAFM steel along with the elimination of δ-ferrite and austenite. Such microstructural characteristics facilitate suppressing crack initiation and rapid propagation, remarkably enhancing the ductility and impact toughness of the RAFM steel.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425009019Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steelLaser directed energy depositionHeat treatmentTensile propertyImpact toughness |
| spellingShingle | Zhichen Wang Linjiang Chai Shuangshuang Zhong Chaodan Hu Tao Yang Yi Tang Yu Wu Xiaolian Tan Peng Song Hao Yu Korukonda L. Murty Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition Journal of Materials Research and Technology Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel Laser directed energy deposition Heat treatment Tensile property Impact toughness |
| title | Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| title_full | Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| title_fullStr | Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| title_short | Influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| title_sort | influence of normalizing and tempering treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition |
| topic | Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel Laser directed energy deposition Heat treatment Tensile property Impact toughness |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425009019 |
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