A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation
The no-insulation (NI) technique improves the stability and defect-tolerance of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils by enabling current redistribution, thereby reducing the risk of quenching. NI–HTS coils are widely applied in DC systems such as high-field magnets and superconducting field...
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2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3669 |
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| author | Zhihao He Yingzhen Liu Chenyi Yang Jiannan Yang Jing Ou Chengming Zhang Ming Yan Liyi Li |
| author_facet | Zhihao He Yingzhen Liu Chenyi Yang Jiannan Yang Jing Ou Chengming Zhang Ming Yan Liyi Li |
| author_sort | Zhihao He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The no-insulation (NI) technique improves the stability and defect-tolerance of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils by enabling current redistribution, thereby reducing the risk of quenching. NI–HTS coils are widely applied in DC systems such as high-field magnets and superconducting field coils for electric machines. However, the presence of turn-to-turn contact resistance makes current distribution uneven, rendering traditional simulation methods unsuitable. To address this, a finite element method (FEM) based on the <i>T–A</i> formulation is proposed. This model solves coupled equations for the magnetic vector potential (<i>A</i>) and current vector potential (<i>T</i>), incorporating turn-to-turn contact resistance and anisotropic conductivity. The thin-strip approximation simplifies second-generation HTS materials as one-dimensional conductors, and a homogenization technique further reduces computational time by averaging the properties between turns, although it may limit the resolution of localized inter-turn effects. To verify the model’s accuracy, simulation results are compared against the <i>H</i> formulation, distributed circuit network (DCN) model, and experimental data. The proposed <i>T–A</i> model accurately reproduces key transient characteristics, including magnetic field evolution and radial current distribution, in both circular and racetrack NI coils. These results confirm the model’s potential as an efficient and reliable tool for transient electromagnetic analysis of NI–HTS coils. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e67384c012fb4f5a871bb299f1672d1f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-e67384c012fb4f5a871bb299f1672d1f2025-08-20T03:36:19ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-07-011814366910.3390/en18143669A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> FormulationZhihao He0Yingzhen Liu1Chenyi Yang2Jiannan Yang3Jing Ou4Chengming Zhang5Ming Yan6Liyi Li7School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaShaanxi Aviation Electrical Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710065, ChinaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, ChinaThe no-insulation (NI) technique improves the stability and defect-tolerance of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils by enabling current redistribution, thereby reducing the risk of quenching. NI–HTS coils are widely applied in DC systems such as high-field magnets and superconducting field coils for electric machines. However, the presence of turn-to-turn contact resistance makes current distribution uneven, rendering traditional simulation methods unsuitable. To address this, a finite element method (FEM) based on the <i>T–A</i> formulation is proposed. This model solves coupled equations for the magnetic vector potential (<i>A</i>) and current vector potential (<i>T</i>), incorporating turn-to-turn contact resistance and anisotropic conductivity. The thin-strip approximation simplifies second-generation HTS materials as one-dimensional conductors, and a homogenization technique further reduces computational time by averaging the properties between turns, although it may limit the resolution of localized inter-turn effects. To verify the model’s accuracy, simulation results are compared against the <i>H</i> formulation, distributed circuit network (DCN) model, and experimental data. The proposed <i>T–A</i> model accurately reproduces key transient characteristics, including magnetic field evolution and radial current distribution, in both circular and racetrack NI coils. These results confirm the model’s potential as an efficient and reliable tool for transient electromagnetic analysis of NI–HTS coils.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3669finite element method (FEM)no-insulation (NI) coil<i>T–A</i> formulationtransient analysis |
| spellingShingle | Zhihao He Yingzhen Liu Chenyi Yang Jiannan Yang Jing Ou Chengming Zhang Ming Yan Liyi Li A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation Energies finite element method (FEM) no-insulation (NI) coil <i>T–A</i> formulation transient analysis |
| title | A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation |
| title_full | A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation |
| title_fullStr | A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation |
| title_short | A Simulation Model for the Transient Characteristics of No-Insulation Superconducting Coils Based on <i>T–A</i> Formulation |
| title_sort | simulation model for the transient characteristics of no insulation superconducting coils based on i t a i formulation |
| topic | finite element method (FEM) no-insulation (NI) coil <i>T–A</i> formulation transient analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3669 |
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