Phytochemical Characterization and Anti-Biofilm Activity of <i>Primula veris</i> L. Roots
In this study, three new undescribed triterpene saponins named primulasaponin III–V (<b>19</b>–<b>21</b>) were isolated from the roots of <i>Primula veris</i> L. of Bulgarian origin together with the known primulasaponin I. Their structures were elucidated via 1D...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/8/1702 |
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| Summary: | In this study, three new undescribed triterpene saponins named primulasaponin III–V (<b>19</b>–<b>21</b>) were isolated from the roots of <i>Primula veris</i> L. of Bulgarian origin together with the known primulasaponin I. Their structures were elucidated via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS. In addition, 17 known phenolic compounds (six flavones, three acetophenones, four bisbibenzyls, and four phenolic glycosides) were identified in the chloroform and methanol extracts. Among them, flavone, 2′-methoxyflavone, 3′-methoxyflavone, 3′-hydroxy-4′,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 2′,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 3′-methoxy-4′,5′-methylendioxyflavone, paeonol, 2-primeverosyl-5-methoxy-acetophenone, and paeonolide were detected for the first time in the roots of <i>P. veris.</i> The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the chloroform and methanol extracts of <i>P. veris</i> roots and the saponin-enriched fraction were determined, with MIC values ranging between 0.5 and 1 mg/mL. Additionally, the tested samples were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation in the presence of sub-MICs. All tested samples showed better biofilm inhibition of Gram-negative strains compared to Gram-positive strains. The strongest effect was observed for the chloroform extract against the biofilm formation of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, while the saponin-enriched fraction showed the highest percentage of biofilm inhibition of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus mutans</i>. At the same time, chloroform extract showed lower cytotoxicity against human keranocyte cell line HaCaT, as compared with methanol extract and the saponin-enriched fraction. |
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| ISSN: | 1420-3049 |