New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and Avibacterium paragallinarum (APG) are respiratory-borne bacterial pathogens that severely harm the poultry industry. The clinical symptoms caused by them share many similarities, such as respiratory disease, growth retardation, and decreas...

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Main Authors: Bin Xu, Shu Wang, Weiping Yao, Bo Ni, Ting Yuan, Beibei Liu, Long Yuan, Yanna Wei, Sunting Ma, Lixin Lyu, Xiaoli Wang, Wei Ouyang, Zhenzhen Zhang, Zhixin Feng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-11-01
Series:Poultry Science
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003257912500906X
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author Bin Xu
Shu Wang
Weiping Yao
Bo Ni
Ting Yuan
Beibei Liu
Long Yuan
Yanna Wei
Sunting Ma
Lixin Lyu
Xiaoli Wang
Wei Ouyang
Zhenzhen Zhang
Zhixin Feng
author_facet Bin Xu
Shu Wang
Weiping Yao
Bo Ni
Ting Yuan
Beibei Liu
Long Yuan
Yanna Wei
Sunting Ma
Lixin Lyu
Xiaoli Wang
Wei Ouyang
Zhenzhen Zhang
Zhixin Feng
author_sort Bin Xu
collection DOAJ
description Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and Avibacterium paragallinarum (APG) are respiratory-borne bacterial pathogens that severely harm the poultry industry. The clinical symptoms caused by them share many similarities, such as respiratory disease, growth retardation, and decreased egg production. They are not suitable for rapid diagnosis through isolation and culture and often need to detect nucleic acids or antibodies for differential diagnosis. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were used, and six specific coding genes were identified as being shared among all the APG strains that were absent in other species with published genome sequences. Combined with MG- and MS-specific genes identified in previous studies, we established a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR assays for the rapid differential diagnosis of these three pathogens. The results indicated that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the standard curve established in these methods were not less than 0.999, and the amplification efficiencies (E) were between 90 % and 110 %. In terms of specificity, with the exception of the amplification curve and CT value generated in the positive control, other related pathogens, chicken cells, and empty plasmid did not amplify. In terms of sensitivity, the 100 % detection sensitivity of MG single-plex qPCR, MS single-plex qPCR, APG single-plex qPCR, and MG-MS duplex qPCR established in this study was 5 copies/reaction. The 100 % detection sensitivity of MG-MS-APG triplex qPCR was 5 copies/reaction in both the MG and MS detection channels and 10 copies/reaction in the APG detection channel. The detection rate of triplex qPCR in the APG detection channel at 5 copies/reaction was 80 %. The intra-group and inter-group variation coefficients of the qPCR methods established in this study were all within 2 % in the repeatability evaluation. In terms of the coincidence rate of clinical sample testing, the qPCR methods showed 100 % detection consistency for the clinical samples tested. The established qPCR methods exhibited good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, which provide powerful technical support for the rapid and efficient differential diagnosis of MG, MS, and APG simultaneously.
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spelling doaj-art-e66926b294f14d0d8d529e25199f2ba32025-08-20T03:41:57ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-11-011041110566510.1016/j.psj.2025.105665New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarumBin Xu0Shu Wang1Weiping Yao2Bo Ni3Ting Yuan4Beibei Liu5Long Yuan6Yanna Wei7Sunting Ma8Lixin Lyu9Xiaoli Wang10Wei Ouyang11Zhenzhen Zhang12Zhixin Feng13College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaNational Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Corresponding author at: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and Avibacterium paragallinarum (APG) are respiratory-borne bacterial pathogens that severely harm the poultry industry. The clinical symptoms caused by them share many similarities, such as respiratory disease, growth retardation, and decreased egg production. They are not suitable for rapid diagnosis through isolation and culture and often need to detect nucleic acids or antibodies for differential diagnosis. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were used, and six specific coding genes were identified as being shared among all the APG strains that were absent in other species with published genome sequences. Combined with MG- and MS-specific genes identified in previous studies, we established a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR assays for the rapid differential diagnosis of these three pathogens. The results indicated that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the standard curve established in these methods were not less than 0.999, and the amplification efficiencies (E) were between 90 % and 110 %. In terms of specificity, with the exception of the amplification curve and CT value generated in the positive control, other related pathogens, chicken cells, and empty plasmid did not amplify. In terms of sensitivity, the 100 % detection sensitivity of MG single-plex qPCR, MS single-plex qPCR, APG single-plex qPCR, and MG-MS duplex qPCR established in this study was 5 copies/reaction. The 100 % detection sensitivity of MG-MS-APG triplex qPCR was 5 copies/reaction in both the MG and MS detection channels and 10 copies/reaction in the APG detection channel. The detection rate of triplex qPCR in the APG detection channel at 5 copies/reaction was 80 %. The intra-group and inter-group variation coefficients of the qPCR methods established in this study were all within 2 % in the repeatability evaluation. In terms of the coincidence rate of clinical sample testing, the qPCR methods showed 100 % detection consistency for the clinical samples tested. The established qPCR methods exhibited good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, which provide powerful technical support for the rapid and efficient differential diagnosis of MG, MS, and APG simultaneously.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003257912500906XAvibacterium paragallinarumMycoplasma gallisepticumMycoplasma synoviaediagnostic targetmolecular diagnosis
spellingShingle Bin Xu
Shu Wang
Weiping Yao
Bo Ni
Ting Yuan
Beibei Liu
Long Yuan
Yanna Wei
Sunting Ma
Lixin Lyu
Xiaoli Wang
Wei Ouyang
Zhenzhen Zhang
Zhixin Feng
New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
Poultry Science
Avibacterium paragallinarum
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma synoviae
diagnostic target
molecular diagnosis
title New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
title_full New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
title_fullStr New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
title_full_unstemmed New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
title_short New molecular diagnostic targets for Avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single-plex and multiplex qPCR methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Avibacterium paragallinarum
title_sort new molecular diagnostic targets for avibacterium paragallinarum and a set of single plex and multiplex qpcr methods for the rapid differential diagnosis of mycoplasma gallisepticum mycoplasma synoviae and avibacterium paragallinarum
topic Avibacterium paragallinarum
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma synoviae
diagnostic target
molecular diagnosis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003257912500906X
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