Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland
Information regarding the spatial arrangement and extent of past habitats is important for understanding present biodiversity, restoration potential, and fighting extinction-debt effects. European landscapes have changed profoundly over recent decades, with the trend accelerating following World War...
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Elsevier
2025-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225001116 |
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| author | Nica Huber Matthias Bürgi Christian Ginzler Birgit Eben Andri Baltensweiler Bronwyn Price |
| author_facet | Nica Huber Matthias Bürgi Christian Ginzler Birgit Eben Andri Baltensweiler Bronwyn Price |
| author_sort | Nica Huber |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Information regarding the spatial arrangement and extent of past habitats is important for understanding present biodiversity, restoration potential, and fighting extinction-debt effects. European landscapes have changed profoundly over recent decades, with the trend accelerating following World War 2. We develop a proof of concept for mapping historic habitat distribution for Switzerland from black and white aerial imagery compatible with the present-day habitat map. Recently available orthorectified 1946 aerial imagery (1 m resolution) was segmented based on spectral and shape characteristics for training areas (320–508 km2) representing the main biogeographical regions of Switzerland. Initial training data was derived by manual aerial orthoimage interpretation differentiating 15 habitat classes. A random forest model was trained to classify the segments using variables describing spectral information, image texture, segment shape, topography, climate, and anthropogenic influence. Classification accuracy was improved with additional training samples derived in a stepwise approach, applying three different sampling techniques. Highest class accuracies (producer’s and user’s accuracies ≥ 0.75) were achieved for the habitats ‘Standing water’, ‘Flowing water’, ‘Glaciers, permanent ice and snow’, and ‘Forests and other wooded land’. Particularly low user’s accuracies were found for ‘Wetlands’, ‘Hedges and tree rows’ and ‘Buildings’. The comparison to independent data further revealed minor differences in overall accuracy for the three different sampling strategies. Yet, map predictions sometimes varied substantially, indicating that the sampling strategies address different classification issues. Hence, we conclude that combining different sampling strategies for training data collection has the potential to improve the mapping, particularly in the case of multi-class classifications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e664e1265a024865bdb14606317372f8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1569-8432 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation |
| spelling | doaj-art-e664e1265a024865bdb14606317372f82025-08-20T02:57:21ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation1569-84322025-04-0113810446410.1016/j.jag.2025.104464Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II SwitzerlandNica Huber0Matthias Bürgi1Christian Ginzler2Birgit Eben3Andri Baltensweiler4Bronwyn Price5Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland; Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, SwitzerlandLand Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland; Institute of Geography, University of Bern, SwitzerlandLand Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, SwitzerlandLand Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, SwitzerlandGIS, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, SwitzerlandLand Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland; Corresponding author at: Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.Information regarding the spatial arrangement and extent of past habitats is important for understanding present biodiversity, restoration potential, and fighting extinction-debt effects. European landscapes have changed profoundly over recent decades, with the trend accelerating following World War 2. We develop a proof of concept for mapping historic habitat distribution for Switzerland from black and white aerial imagery compatible with the present-day habitat map. Recently available orthorectified 1946 aerial imagery (1 m resolution) was segmented based on spectral and shape characteristics for training areas (320–508 km2) representing the main biogeographical regions of Switzerland. Initial training data was derived by manual aerial orthoimage interpretation differentiating 15 habitat classes. A random forest model was trained to classify the segments using variables describing spectral information, image texture, segment shape, topography, climate, and anthropogenic influence. Classification accuracy was improved with additional training samples derived in a stepwise approach, applying three different sampling techniques. Highest class accuracies (producer’s and user’s accuracies ≥ 0.75) were achieved for the habitats ‘Standing water’, ‘Flowing water’, ‘Glaciers, permanent ice and snow’, and ‘Forests and other wooded land’. Particularly low user’s accuracies were found for ‘Wetlands’, ‘Hedges and tree rows’ and ‘Buildings’. The comparison to independent data further revealed minor differences in overall accuracy for the three different sampling strategies. Yet, map predictions sometimes varied substantially, indicating that the sampling strategies address different classification issues. Hence, we conclude that combining different sampling strategies for training data collection has the potential to improve the mapping, particularly in the case of multi-class classifications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225001116Active learningForestGrasslandObject-orientedClassificationSegmentation |
| spellingShingle | Nica Huber Matthias Bürgi Christian Ginzler Birgit Eben Andri Baltensweiler Bronwyn Price Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation Active learning Forest Grassland Object-oriented Classification Segmentation |
| title | Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland |
| title_full | Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland |
| title_fullStr | Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland |
| title_short | Historical habitat mapping from black-and-white aerial photography: A proof of concept for post World War II Switzerland |
| title_sort | historical habitat mapping from black and white aerial photography a proof of concept for post world war ii switzerland |
| topic | Active learning Forest Grassland Object-oriented Classification Segmentation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569843225001116 |
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