Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen
<i>Diaporthe</i> species are critical plant pathogens that contribute to a disease complex responsible for substantial yield losses in soybean production worldwide. However, reports on the primary <i>Diaporthe</i> species causing soybean stem blight and their sensitivity to v...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/4/292 |
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| author | Shanshan Chen Zhanyun Liu Zhengjie Chang Yuxin Zheng Xueyang Wang Ningwei Li Zhongqiao Huang Can Zhang Xili Liu |
| author_facet | Shanshan Chen Zhanyun Liu Zhengjie Chang Yuxin Zheng Xueyang Wang Ningwei Li Zhongqiao Huang Can Zhang Xili Liu |
| author_sort | Shanshan Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Diaporthe</i> species are critical plant pathogens that contribute to a disease complex responsible for substantial yield losses in soybean production worldwide. However, reports on the primary <i>Diaporthe</i> species causing soybean stem blight and their sensitivity to various fungicides are scarce in China. In this study, a total of 46 <i>D. longicolla</i> strains were isolated and identified from diseased soybean stems and rots collected from 14 regions of Heilongjiang province in 2021 and 2022. Among the eight fungicides examined, fludioxonil, mefentrifluconazole, tebuconazole, and azoxystrobin demonstrated effective inhibition for <i>D. longicolla</i>, with EC<sub>50</sub> values < 0.3 µg/mL. Interestingly, the EC<sub>50</sub> values of <i>D. longicolla</i> to two succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), pydiflumetofen and fluopyram, were 5.47 µg/mL and over 100 µg/mL, respectively. In molecular dynamics simulations, pydiflumetofen exhibited a smaller RMSD, while fluopyram had a higher binding free energy with Sdh proteins compared to pydiflumetofen. This difference may contribute to the higher activity of pydiflumetofen in <i>D. longicolla</i>. Further analysis of the electrostatic potential and structural conformations of the binding pocket revealed that pydiflumetofen formed more hydrophobic interactions with SdhC and SdhD and was positioned closer to the SdhD subunit. A mixture of fludioxonil and mefentrifluconazole at a ratio of 1:5, as well as fludioxonil and pydiflumetofen at a ratio of 1:5, exhibited synergistic effects. These findings demonstrated that several fungicides could be utilized to control <i>Diaporthe</i> stem blight, and the difference in binding affinity to the Sdh subunit impacts sensitivity to fluopyram and pydiflumetofen. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e660301167154cd488d66bccf7ad5c90 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-e660301167154cd488d66bccf7ad5c902025-08-20T03:13:52ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-04-0111429210.3390/jof11040292Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and PydiflumetofenShanshan Chen0Zhanyun Liu1Zhengjie Chang2Yuxin Zheng3Xueyang Wang4Ningwei Li5Zhongqiao Huang6Can Zhang7Xili Liu8Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China<i>Diaporthe</i> species are critical plant pathogens that contribute to a disease complex responsible for substantial yield losses in soybean production worldwide. However, reports on the primary <i>Diaporthe</i> species causing soybean stem blight and their sensitivity to various fungicides are scarce in China. In this study, a total of 46 <i>D. longicolla</i> strains were isolated and identified from diseased soybean stems and rots collected from 14 regions of Heilongjiang province in 2021 and 2022. Among the eight fungicides examined, fludioxonil, mefentrifluconazole, tebuconazole, and azoxystrobin demonstrated effective inhibition for <i>D. longicolla</i>, with EC<sub>50</sub> values < 0.3 µg/mL. Interestingly, the EC<sub>50</sub> values of <i>D. longicolla</i> to two succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), pydiflumetofen and fluopyram, were 5.47 µg/mL and over 100 µg/mL, respectively. In molecular dynamics simulations, pydiflumetofen exhibited a smaller RMSD, while fluopyram had a higher binding free energy with Sdh proteins compared to pydiflumetofen. This difference may contribute to the higher activity of pydiflumetofen in <i>D. longicolla</i>. Further analysis of the electrostatic potential and structural conformations of the binding pocket revealed that pydiflumetofen formed more hydrophobic interactions with SdhC and SdhD and was positioned closer to the SdhD subunit. A mixture of fludioxonil and mefentrifluconazole at a ratio of 1:5, as well as fludioxonil and pydiflumetofen at a ratio of 1:5, exhibited synergistic effects. These findings demonstrated that several fungicides could be utilized to control <i>Diaporthe</i> stem blight, and the difference in binding affinity to the Sdh subunit impacts sensitivity to fluopyram and pydiflumetofen.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/4/292soybean stem blight<i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>fungicide sensitivitySdhC |
| spellingShingle | Shanshan Chen Zhanyun Liu Zhengjie Chang Yuxin Zheng Xueyang Wang Ningwei Li Zhongqiao Huang Can Zhang Xili Liu Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen Journal of Fungi soybean stem blight <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i> fungicide sensitivity SdhC |
| title | Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen |
| title_full | Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen |
| title_fullStr | Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen |
| title_short | Exploring Fungicide Sensitivity in Soybean Stem Blight Pathogen <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, Emphasizing Genetic Variability Impact on Response to SDHI Fungicides Fluopyram and Pydiflumetofen |
| title_sort | exploring fungicide sensitivity in soybean stem blight pathogen i diaporthe longicolla i emphasizing genetic variability impact on response to sdhi fungicides fluopyram and pydiflumetofen |
| topic | soybean stem blight <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i> fungicide sensitivity SdhC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/4/292 |
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