Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023)
Abstract Against the backdrop of increasing ethnic diversity in the U.S., we replicate, extend, and challenge previous examinations of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype in the largest sample to date (N = 666,623 respondents) over 17 years (2007–2023). Six key findings emerged. First, a...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83794-6 |
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| author | Kirsten N. Morehouse Tessa E. S. Charlesworth Thierry Devos Mahzarin R. Banaji |
| author_facet | Kirsten N. Morehouse Tessa E. S. Charlesworth Thierry Devos Mahzarin R. Banaji |
| author_sort | Kirsten N. Morehouse |
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| description | Abstract Against the backdrop of increasing ethnic diversity in the U.S., we replicate, extend, and challenge previous examinations of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype in the largest sample to date (N = 666,623 respondents) over 17 years (2007–2023). Six key findings emerged. First, a robust American = White association emerged on implicit (Cohen’s d = 0.50) and explicit (Cohen’s d = 0.51) measures. Second, the strength of this effect varied by respondents’ race/ethnicity with implicit stereotypes strongest among White respondents (Cohen’s d = 0.86) and absent among East Asian respondents (Cohen’s d = 0.02). Third, the strength of implicit stereotypes was modulated by age, religion, and ideology—older, Christian, and conservative respondents displayed stronger implicit American = White associations—but not gender or education. Fourth, respondents living in U.S. metropolitan areas with greater Asian representation or a history of voting for Democratic candidates exhibited weaker implicit American = White associations. Fifth, over the past 17 years, implicit and explicit American = White associations decreased by 41% and 47%, respectively, and 14/14 demographic subgroups changed towards neutrality. Finally, we observed suggestive evidence that implicit stereotype trends towards neutrality were temporarily disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic for White Americans but not Asian Americans. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6499bf631e2476192c580ec984fab41 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e6499bf631e2476192c580ec984fab412025-02-02T12:17:42ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111310.1038/s41598-024-83794-6Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023)Kirsten N. Morehouse0Tessa E. S. Charlesworth1Thierry Devos2Mahzarin R. Banaji3Department of Psychology, Harvard UniversityKellogg School of Management, Northwestern UniversityDepartment of Psychology, San Diego State UniversityDepartment of Psychology, Harvard UniversityAbstract Against the backdrop of increasing ethnic diversity in the U.S., we replicate, extend, and challenge previous examinations of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype in the largest sample to date (N = 666,623 respondents) over 17 years (2007–2023). Six key findings emerged. First, a robust American = White association emerged on implicit (Cohen’s d = 0.50) and explicit (Cohen’s d = 0.51) measures. Second, the strength of this effect varied by respondents’ race/ethnicity with implicit stereotypes strongest among White respondents (Cohen’s d = 0.86) and absent among East Asian respondents (Cohen’s d = 0.02). Third, the strength of implicit stereotypes was modulated by age, religion, and ideology—older, Christian, and conservative respondents displayed stronger implicit American = White associations—but not gender or education. Fourth, respondents living in U.S. metropolitan areas with greater Asian representation or a history of voting for Democratic candidates exhibited weaker implicit American = White associations. Fifth, over the past 17 years, implicit and explicit American = White associations decreased by 41% and 47%, respectively, and 14/14 demographic subgroups changed towards neutrality. Finally, we observed suggestive evidence that implicit stereotype trends towards neutrality were temporarily disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic for White Americans but not Asian Americans.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83794-6Ethnic-national stereotypesImplicit/explicit stereotype changeImplicit Association TestAmerican = White association |
| spellingShingle | Kirsten N. Morehouse Tessa E. S. Charlesworth Thierry Devos Mahzarin R. Banaji Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) Scientific Reports Ethnic-national stereotypes Implicit/explicit stereotype change Implicit Association Test American = White association |
| title | Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) |
| title_full | Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) |
| title_fullStr | Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) |
| title_short | Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023) |
| title_sort | who is american a comprehensive analysis of the american white foreign asian stereotype 2007 2023 |
| topic | Ethnic-national stereotypes Implicit/explicit stereotype change Implicit Association Test American = White association |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83794-6 |
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