Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis
Abstract Background Plants medicinal potential is well established, yet unregulated use can lead to health risks without proper toxicological assessments. This study aimed to evaluate the sub-acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (ESSF) in Rattus norvegicus. Metho...
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SpringerOpen
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00812-8 |
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| author | Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro Samuel Eleojo Agada Adam Abdullahi Adam Morenike Grace Ajayi Elizabeth Abidemi Balogun |
| author_facet | Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro Samuel Eleojo Agada Adam Abdullahi Adam Morenike Grace Ajayi Elizabeth Abidemi Balogun |
| author_sort | Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Plants medicinal potential is well established, yet unregulated use can lead to health risks without proper toxicological assessments. This study aimed to evaluate the sub-acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (ESSF) in Rattus norvegicus. Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats (148 ± 8.0 g) were randomly divided into groups. Group I (control) received 0.5 ml of distilled water, and Groups II–VI were administered ESSF orally at 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Serum along with tissue (liver, kidney, and brain) biochemical assays were analysed after 14 and 28 days. Results The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in total protein, albumin, serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea, or total and conjugated bilirubin between treatment and control groups. However, minor elevations were noted in some biomarkers at specific doses after 14 and 28 days of treatment, though these remained within normal physiological ranges. A significant increase in serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was observed after 14 days in treated groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), but this were normalised by day 28, suggesting a reversible effect. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), GDH, and creatinine kinase (CK) activities in tissues showed no significant differences between treated and control groups after 28 days of treatment, indicating no long-term tissue damage. Conclusions These findings suggest that sub-acute oral administration of ESSF does not induce significant biochemical abnormalities. This implies that ESSF is relatively safe at the tested doses and supports its potential for therapeutic development. However, further long-term studies are necessary to establish its safety profile fully. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e63118f1276f42b6ad912c055ca18c96 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2314-7253 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
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| series | Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-e63118f1276f42b6ad912c055ca18c962025-08-20T02:00:12ZengSpringerOpenFuture Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences2314-72532025-05-0111111210.1186/s43094-025-00812-8Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulisBankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo0Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro1Samuel Eleojo Agada2Adam Abdullahi Adam3Morenike Grace Ajayi4Elizabeth Abidemi Balogun5Department of Chemical Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi UniversityDepartment of Biotechnology, University of ChesterDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, University of IlorinDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, University of IlorinAbstract Background Plants medicinal potential is well established, yet unregulated use can lead to health risks without proper toxicological assessments. This study aimed to evaluate the sub-acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (ESSF) in Rattus norvegicus. Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats (148 ± 8.0 g) were randomly divided into groups. Group I (control) received 0.5 ml of distilled water, and Groups II–VI were administered ESSF orally at 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Serum along with tissue (liver, kidney, and brain) biochemical assays were analysed after 14 and 28 days. Results The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in total protein, albumin, serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea, or total and conjugated bilirubin between treatment and control groups. However, minor elevations were noted in some biomarkers at specific doses after 14 and 28 days of treatment, though these remained within normal physiological ranges. A significant increase in serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was observed after 14 days in treated groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), but this were normalised by day 28, suggesting a reversible effect. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), GDH, and creatinine kinase (CK) activities in tissues showed no significant differences between treated and control groups after 28 days of treatment, indicating no long-term tissue damage. Conclusions These findings suggest that sub-acute oral administration of ESSF does not induce significant biochemical abnormalities. This implies that ESSF is relatively safe at the tested doses and supports its potential for therapeutic development. However, further long-term studies are necessary to establish its safety profile fully.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00812-8Ethyl acetate sub-fractionSpilanthes filicaulisSerumTissueBiochemical assaysRattus norvegicus |
| spellingShingle | Bankole Emmanuel Ofeniforo Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro Samuel Eleojo Agada Adam Abdullahi Adam Morenike Grace Ajayi Elizabeth Abidemi Balogun Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ethyl acetate sub-fraction Spilanthes filicaulis Serum Tissue Biochemical assays Rattus norvegicus |
| title | Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis |
| title_full | Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis |
| title_short | Evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of Rattus norvegicus after sub-acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub-fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis |
| title_sort | evaluation of serum and tissue biochemical assays of rattus norvegicus after sub acute oral administration of ethyl acetate sub fraction of spilanthes filicaulis |
| topic | Ethyl acetate sub-fraction Spilanthes filicaulis Serum Tissue Biochemical assays Rattus norvegicus |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00812-8 |
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