In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea
Although the individual modulations of marine phytoplankton by Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been comprehensively studied, their synergistic effect on the phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) over the shelf remains unclear. In this study, which was based...
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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research |
| Online Access: | https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/olar.0083 |
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| author | Lei Lin Zixuan Sun Ting Lv Yueqi Wang Wei Tan Kangjie Jin Dongdong Xiang |
| author_facet | Lei Lin Zixuan Sun Ting Lv Yueqi Wang Wei Tan Kangjie Jin Dongdong Xiang |
| author_sort | Lei Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although the individual modulations of marine phytoplankton by Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been comprehensively studied, their synergistic effect on the phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) over the shelf remains unclear. In this study, which was based on satellite data obtained from the Yellow Sea between 2003 and 2020, we quantified the PSB intensity and environmental factor responses to PDO and ENSO, after which we examined the synergistic effect of PDO and ENSO on PSB. The results revealed that the interannual variability of the PSB intensity correlated negatively with the PDO phases (r = −0.48; P < 0.05) and could be enhanced by in-phase ENSO. Further, the mean PSB intensity in the negative-phase PDO (NPDO; 153 mg C/m3) was approximately 28% higher than that in the positive-phase PDO (PPDO; 120 mg C/m3) at the 90% confidence level, whereas the mean PSB intensity during the years of combined NPDO and La Niña (162 mg C/m3) was approximately 53% higher than that during the years combining PPDO and El Niño (106 mg C/m3) at the 95% confidence level. Furthermore, the sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed accounted for approximately 68% and 22% of the interannual variability of PSB intensity, respectively. Notably, the combination of PPDO with El Niño induced anomalously high SST and reduced the wind speed, thereby reducing the vertical mixing and lowering the availability of nutrients to PSB, and vice versa, for the case of NPDO combination with La Niña. Overall, our quantitative estimation revealed the strengthening effect of the in-phase combination of PDO and ENSO on PSB intensity, which aids the predictions of the change in marine ecosystems and fishery. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e615c34cd0f8456aa8c7a69759171dcf |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2771-0378 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |
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| series | Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-e615c34cd0f8456aa8c7a69759171dcf2025-08-20T02:29:29ZengAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research2771-03782025-01-01410.34133/olar.0083In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow SeaLei Lin0Zixuan Sun1Ting Lv2Yueqi Wang3Wei Tan4Kangjie Jin5Dongdong Xiang6College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.Chongben Honors College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE, School of Statistics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.Although the individual modulations of marine phytoplankton by Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been comprehensively studied, their synergistic effect on the phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) over the shelf remains unclear. In this study, which was based on satellite data obtained from the Yellow Sea between 2003 and 2020, we quantified the PSB intensity and environmental factor responses to PDO and ENSO, after which we examined the synergistic effect of PDO and ENSO on PSB. The results revealed that the interannual variability of the PSB intensity correlated negatively with the PDO phases (r = −0.48; P < 0.05) and could be enhanced by in-phase ENSO. Further, the mean PSB intensity in the negative-phase PDO (NPDO; 153 mg C/m3) was approximately 28% higher than that in the positive-phase PDO (PPDO; 120 mg C/m3) at the 90% confidence level, whereas the mean PSB intensity during the years of combined NPDO and La Niña (162 mg C/m3) was approximately 53% higher than that during the years combining PPDO and El Niño (106 mg C/m3) at the 95% confidence level. Furthermore, the sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed accounted for approximately 68% and 22% of the interannual variability of PSB intensity, respectively. Notably, the combination of PPDO with El Niño induced anomalously high SST and reduced the wind speed, thereby reducing the vertical mixing and lowering the availability of nutrients to PSB, and vice versa, for the case of NPDO combination with La Niña. Overall, our quantitative estimation revealed the strengthening effect of the in-phase combination of PDO and ENSO on PSB intensity, which aids the predictions of the change in marine ecosystems and fishery.https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/olar.0083 |
| spellingShingle | Lei Lin Zixuan Sun Ting Lv Yueqi Wang Wei Tan Kangjie Jin Dongdong Xiang In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research |
| title | In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea |
| title_full | In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea |
| title_fullStr | In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea |
| title_short | In-Phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation Enhance the Interannual Variability of Spring Blooms in the Yellow Sea |
| title_sort | in phase pacific decadal oscillation and el nino southern oscillation enhance the interannual variability of spring blooms in the yellow sea |
| url | https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/olar.0083 |
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