Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advanc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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University of Münster / Open Journals System
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Free Neuropathology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/article/view/6762 |
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| author | Luisa Klotz Maija Saraste Laura Airas Tanja Kuhlmann |
| author_facet | Luisa Klotz Maija Saraste Laura Airas Tanja Kuhlmann |
| author_sort | Luisa Klotz |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advances in diagnostic criteria, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. The 2024 McDonald criteria revision enhances diagnostic specificity and includes novel MRI markers and facilitates measurement of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Additionally, recent genetic discoveries, advanced imaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers are refining disease monitoring and prognosis. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic developments, including Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies, with the former representing a paradigm shift in the potential of targeting MS progression beyond focal inflammation.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6143ed21e134faebf515046dcf7a41a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2699-4445 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | University of Münster / Open Journals System |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Free Neuropathology |
| spelling | doaj-art-e6143ed21e134faebf515046dcf7a41a2025-08-20T03:51:40ZengUniversity of Münster / Open Journals SystemFree Neuropathology2699-44452025-07-01610.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6762Multiple sclerosis: 2024 updateLuisa Klotz0Maija Saraste1Laura Airas2Tanja Kuhlmann3Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, GermanyTurku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, FinlandTurku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, FinlandInstitute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advances in diagnostic criteria, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. The 2024 McDonald criteria revision enhances diagnostic specificity and includes novel MRI markers and facilitates measurement of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Additionally, recent genetic discoveries, advanced imaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers are refining disease monitoring and prognosis. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic developments, including Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies, with the former representing a paradigm shift in the potential of targeting MS progression beyond focal inflammation. https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/article/view/6762Multiple sclerosisGeneticsDisease courseDiagnostic criteriaBiomarkersImaging |
| spellingShingle | Luisa Klotz Maija Saraste Laura Airas Tanja Kuhlmann Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update Free Neuropathology Multiple sclerosis Genetics Disease course Diagnostic criteria Biomarkers Imaging |
| title | Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update |
| title_full | Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update |
| title_fullStr | Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update |
| title_short | Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update |
| title_sort | multiple sclerosis 2024 update |
| topic | Multiple sclerosis Genetics Disease course Diagnostic criteria Biomarkers Imaging |
| url | https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/article/view/6762 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT luisaklotz multiplesclerosis2024update AT maijasaraste multiplesclerosis2024update AT lauraairas multiplesclerosis2024update AT tanjakuhlmann multiplesclerosis2024update |