Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress
<i>Cordyceps militaris</i>, a model species in the genus Cordyceps, is widely distributed globally and is known for its significant medicinal value. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance immunity, alleviate fatigue, and treat tumors, among other therapeutic purpos...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/6/461 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849432603773370368 |
|---|---|
| author | Yang Yang Jingjing Huang Gangqiang Dong Xuebo Hu |
| author_facet | Yang Yang Jingjing Huang Gangqiang Dong Xuebo Hu |
| author_sort | Yang Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>, a model species in the genus Cordyceps, is widely distributed globally and is known for its significant medicinal value. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance immunity, alleviate fatigue, and treat tumors, among other therapeutic purposes. Here, we successfully assembled a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) level genome of <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome is 32.67 Mb in size, with an N50 of 4.70 Mb. Gene prediction revealed a total of 10,749 predicted genes in the <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 genome, with a gene completeness of 99.20%. Phylogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary relationship between <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 and other <i>Cordyceps</i> species, suggesting that the divergence between this strain and <i>C. militaris</i> ATCC 34164 occurred approximately 1.36 Mya. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 842 differentially expressed genes and 2052 metabolites that were significantly altered under light stress, primarily involving key pathways related to amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Joint analysis of genes and metabolites revealed 79 genes coding for enzymes associated with the synthesis of adenine and adenosine, with the expression of 52 genes being upregulated, consistent with the accumulation trends of adenine and adenosine. Four gene clusters related to the synthesis of cordycepin were identified, with a significant upregulation of cns3 (<i>FUN_003263</i>), suggesting that light stress may promote cordycepin biosynthesis. This comprehensive analysis not only provides new insights into the genomics, metabolomics, and functional gene research of <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 but also offers a potential biological foundation for understanding the synthesis mechanisms of cordycepin and its efficient production. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6115d3fb3e043b393941129c71e635a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-e6115d3fb3e043b393941129c71e635a2025-08-20T03:27:19ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-06-0111646110.3390/jof11060461Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light StressYang Yang0Jingjing Huang1Gangqiang Dong2Xuebo Hu3Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaAmway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi 214115, ChinaAmway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi 214115, ChinaInstitute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<i>Cordyceps militaris</i>, a model species in the genus Cordyceps, is widely distributed globally and is known for its significant medicinal value. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance immunity, alleviate fatigue, and treat tumors, among other therapeutic purposes. Here, we successfully assembled a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) level genome of <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome is 32.67 Mb in size, with an N50 of 4.70 Mb. Gene prediction revealed a total of 10,749 predicted genes in the <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 genome, with a gene completeness of 99.20%. Phylogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary relationship between <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 and other <i>Cordyceps</i> species, suggesting that the divergence between this strain and <i>C. militaris</i> ATCC 34164 occurred approximately 1.36 Mya. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 842 differentially expressed genes and 2052 metabolites that were significantly altered under light stress, primarily involving key pathways related to amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Joint analysis of genes and metabolites revealed 79 genes coding for enzymes associated with the synthesis of adenine and adenosine, with the expression of 52 genes being upregulated, consistent with the accumulation trends of adenine and adenosine. Four gene clusters related to the synthesis of cordycepin were identified, with a significant upregulation of cns3 (<i>FUN_003263</i>), suggesting that light stress may promote cordycepin biosynthesis. This comprehensive analysis not only provides new insights into the genomics, metabolomics, and functional gene research of <i>C. militaris</i> CH1 but also offers a potential biological foundation for understanding the synthesis mechanisms of cordycepin and its efficient production.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/6/461<i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1telomere-to-telomerephylogenetic evolutioncomparative genomicstranscriptome and metabolomecordycepin biosynthesis |
| spellingShingle | Yang Yang Jingjing Huang Gangqiang Dong Xuebo Hu Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress Journal of Fungi <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 telomere-to-telomere phylogenetic evolution comparative genomics transcriptome and metabolome cordycepin biosynthesis |
| title | Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress |
| title_full | Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress |
| title_fullStr | Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress |
| title_short | Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress |
| title_sort | telomere to telomere assembly of the i cordyceps militaris i ch1 genome and integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide new insights into cordycepin biosynthesis under light stress |
| topic | <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> CH1 telomere-to-telomere phylogenetic evolution comparative genomics transcriptome and metabolome cordycepin biosynthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/6/461 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yangyang telomeretotelomereassemblyoftheicordycepsmilitarisich1genomeandintegratedtranscriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesprovidenewinsightsintocordycepinbiosynthesisunderlightstress AT jingjinghuang telomeretotelomereassemblyoftheicordycepsmilitarisich1genomeandintegratedtranscriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesprovidenewinsightsintocordycepinbiosynthesisunderlightstress AT gangqiangdong telomeretotelomereassemblyoftheicordycepsmilitarisich1genomeandintegratedtranscriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesprovidenewinsightsintocordycepinbiosynthesisunderlightstress AT xuebohu telomeretotelomereassemblyoftheicordycepsmilitarisich1genomeandintegratedtranscriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesprovidenewinsightsintocordycepinbiosynthesisunderlightstress |