From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films

This study demonstrates the successful valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an abundant agricultural waste, into crystalline cellulose for advanced food packaging applications. A deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based microwave-assisted pretreatment was developed to extract and enhance cellulo...

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Main Authors: Antira Wichaphian, Phonthida Yasan, Wasu Pathom-aree, Saisamorn Lumyong, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Supakit Chaipoot, Supawitch Hoijang, Tharnthip Krasian, Patnarin Worajittiphon, Winita Punyodom, Benjamas Cheirsilp, Guangce Wang, Sirasit Srinuanpan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325001309
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author Antira Wichaphian
Phonthida Yasan
Wasu Pathom-aree
Saisamorn Lumyong
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Supakit Chaipoot
Supawitch Hoijang
Tharnthip Krasian
Patnarin Worajittiphon
Winita Punyodom
Benjamas Cheirsilp
Guangce Wang
Sirasit Srinuanpan
author_facet Antira Wichaphian
Phonthida Yasan
Wasu Pathom-aree
Saisamorn Lumyong
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Supakit Chaipoot
Supawitch Hoijang
Tharnthip Krasian
Patnarin Worajittiphon
Winita Punyodom
Benjamas Cheirsilp
Guangce Wang
Sirasit Srinuanpan
author_sort Antira Wichaphian
collection DOAJ
description This study demonstrates the successful valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an abundant agricultural waste, into crystalline cellulose for advanced food packaging applications. A deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based microwave-assisted pretreatment was developed to extract and enhance cellulose crystallinity from SMS. Using optimized conditions—choline chloride and zinc acetate DES at 1:1 M ratio, 1:30 w/v cellulose-to-DES ratio, 640 W microwave power, and 2.5-min hydrolysis—the process yielded pretreated cellulose (PC) with 51.66 % crystallinity index and 95.82 % recovery yield. The PC was then incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based composite films along with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and mushroom powder (MP). The resulting composite films exhibited superior mechanical properties, with CMC/PC/ZnONPs films achieving a tensile strength of 17.18 MPa and toughness of 4.72 MJ/m3. Integration of ZnONPs and MP enhanced UV-blocking capabilities while maintaining film transparency. The films demonstrated thermal stability with melting temperatures ranging from 257.5 °C to 281.83 °C. Notably, PC-containing films showed improved antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.59–8.57 mg/mL for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 134.88–1389.15 mg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The composite films also exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against common foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis), with inhibition zones exceeding 15 mm. This research establishes a sustainable approach to waste valorization while advancing the development of multifunctional, eco-friendly food packaging materials.
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spelling doaj-art-e60b38a062eb4412aba5d6531fee67542025-08-20T03:42:38ZengElsevierJournal of Agriculture and Food Research2666-15432025-04-012010175910.1016/j.jafr.2025.101759From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite filmsAntira Wichaphian0Phonthida Yasan1Wasu Pathom-aree2Saisamorn Lumyong3Nakarin Suwannarach4Jaturong Kumla5Supakit Chaipoot6Supawitch Hoijang7Tharnthip Krasian8Patnarin Worajittiphon9Winita Punyodom10Benjamas Cheirsilp11Guangce Wang12Sirasit Srinuanpan13Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Microbial Biorefinery and Biochemical Process Engineering Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Office of Research Administration, Office of the University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Office of Research Administration, Office of the University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandCenter of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USADepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandKey Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, ChinaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Microbial Biorefinery and Biochemical Process Engineering Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Office of Research Administration, Office of the University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.This study demonstrates the successful valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an abundant agricultural waste, into crystalline cellulose for advanced food packaging applications. A deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based microwave-assisted pretreatment was developed to extract and enhance cellulose crystallinity from SMS. Using optimized conditions—choline chloride and zinc acetate DES at 1:1 M ratio, 1:30 w/v cellulose-to-DES ratio, 640 W microwave power, and 2.5-min hydrolysis—the process yielded pretreated cellulose (PC) with 51.66 % crystallinity index and 95.82 % recovery yield. The PC was then incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based composite films along with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and mushroom powder (MP). The resulting composite films exhibited superior mechanical properties, with CMC/PC/ZnONPs films achieving a tensile strength of 17.18 MPa and toughness of 4.72 MJ/m3. Integration of ZnONPs and MP enhanced UV-blocking capabilities while maintaining film transparency. The films demonstrated thermal stability with melting temperatures ranging from 257.5 °C to 281.83 °C. Notably, PC-containing films showed improved antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.59–8.57 mg/mL for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 134.88–1389.15 mg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The composite films also exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against common foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis), with inhibition zones exceeding 15 mm. This research establishes a sustainable approach to waste valorization while advancing the development of multifunctional, eco-friendly food packaging materials.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325001309Spent mushroom substrateMicrowaveCelluloseFilmDeep eutectic solvents
spellingShingle Antira Wichaphian
Phonthida Yasan
Wasu Pathom-aree
Saisamorn Lumyong
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Supakit Chaipoot
Supawitch Hoijang
Tharnthip Krasian
Patnarin Worajittiphon
Winita Punyodom
Benjamas Cheirsilp
Guangce Wang
Sirasit Srinuanpan
From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
Spent mushroom substrate
Microwave
Cellulose
Film
Deep eutectic solvents
title From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
title_full From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
title_fullStr From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
title_full_unstemmed From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
title_short From agricultural waste to active films: Enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate-derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing CMC-based composite films
title_sort from agricultural waste to active films enhanced crystallinity of spent mushroom substrate derived cellulose via deep eutectic solvent based microwave assisted pretreatment and its application in reinforcing cmc based composite films
topic Spent mushroom substrate
Microwave
Cellulose
Film
Deep eutectic solvents
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325001309
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