Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery

Antarctic icebergs are critical components of the Antarctic ice sheet-ice shelf-ocean system and play a key role in understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in estimating iceberg volume through the freeboard measurements. This study presents an innovative deep learning-based approac...

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Main Authors: Zitong Zhou, Outong Li, Songtao Ai, Xinde Chu, Shoukat Ali Shah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-08-01
Series:International Journal of Digital Earth
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2548005
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author Zitong Zhou
Outong Li
Songtao Ai
Xinde Chu
Shoukat Ali Shah
author_facet Zitong Zhou
Outong Li
Songtao Ai
Xinde Chu
Shoukat Ali Shah
author_sort Zitong Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Antarctic icebergs are critical components of the Antarctic ice sheet-ice shelf-ocean system and play a key role in understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in estimating iceberg volume through the freeboard measurements. This study presents an innovative deep learning-based approach (U-Net) for automatically measuring iceberg freeboard from optical remote sensing data in the Antarctic coastal region, following data acquisition. Landsat 8 imagery from September 2022 was used to test the method, successfully extracting 85,083 icebergs, the maximum freeboard reaching 95.16 m at (66.44°S, 91.28°E). Results revealed significant regional disparities in iceberg distribution, with the West Antarctic region exhibiting a higher iceberg density than the East Antarctica region. Iceberg coverage was notably sparse around large ice shelves. Freeboard analysis categorized icebergs into five height levels, with small to medium-sized icebergs (less than 25 m) comprising 80.07% of the total. A decreasing trend in freeboard was observed with increasing distance from the coastline. The study also identified the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea region as having the highest iceberg concentration, with consistent density patterns across height categories in regions between 90°W–160°W and 15°W–30°W. This research provides valuable data for understanding iceberg formation and its potential impacts on oceanic and climatic systems.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1753-8947
1753-8955
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Taylor & Francis Group
record_format Article
series International Journal of Digital Earth
spelling doaj-art-e5ccb3ae41fc4b688a5e507cbd3d99cf2025-08-25T11:24:59ZengTaylor & Francis GroupInternational Journal of Digital Earth1753-89471753-89552025-08-0118110.1080/17538947.2025.2548005Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imageryZitong Zhou0Outong Li1Songtao Ai2Xinde Chu3Shoukat Ali Shah4Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaChinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaAntarctic icebergs are critical components of the Antarctic ice sheet-ice shelf-ocean system and play a key role in understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in estimating iceberg volume through the freeboard measurements. This study presents an innovative deep learning-based approach (U-Net) for automatically measuring iceberg freeboard from optical remote sensing data in the Antarctic coastal region, following data acquisition. Landsat 8 imagery from September 2022 was used to test the method, successfully extracting 85,083 icebergs, the maximum freeboard reaching 95.16 m at (66.44°S, 91.28°E). Results revealed significant regional disparities in iceberg distribution, with the West Antarctic region exhibiting a higher iceberg density than the East Antarctica region. Iceberg coverage was notably sparse around large ice shelves. Freeboard analysis categorized icebergs into five height levels, with small to medium-sized icebergs (less than 25 m) comprising 80.07% of the total. A decreasing trend in freeboard was observed with increasing distance from the coastline. The study also identified the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea region as having the highest iceberg concentration, with consistent density patterns across height categories in regions between 90°W–160°W and 15°W–30°W. This research provides valuable data for understanding iceberg formation and its potential impacts on oceanic and climatic systems.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2548005Antarcticicebergsdeep learningU-Net networkiceberg freeboard
spellingShingle Zitong Zhou
Outong Li
Songtao Ai
Xinde Chu
Shoukat Ali Shah
Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
International Journal of Digital Earth
Antarctic
icebergs
deep learning
U-Net network
iceberg freeboard
title Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
title_full Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
title_fullStr Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
title_full_unstemmed Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
title_short Antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
title_sort antarctic iceberg freeboard retrieval via deep learning from optical satellite imagery
topic Antarctic
icebergs
deep learning
U-Net network
iceberg freeboard
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17538947.2025.2548005
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AT outongli antarcticicebergfreeboardretrievalviadeeplearningfromopticalsatelliteimagery
AT songtaoai antarcticicebergfreeboardretrievalviadeeplearningfromopticalsatelliteimagery
AT xindechu antarcticicebergfreeboardretrievalviadeeplearningfromopticalsatelliteimagery
AT shoukatalishah antarcticicebergfreeboardretrievalviadeeplearningfromopticalsatelliteimagery