Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic in Asia-Pacific. There is geographic variability in the timing of HFMD outbreaks throughout the year across the region, and seasonality becomes less clear towards tropical regions. We used syndromic HFMD case surveillance data from 2009 to 2019 (N = 354...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-06-01
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| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013174 |
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| author | Victoria M Cox Rohani Jahis Rehan Shuhada Abu Bakar Noriah Mohd Yusof Kiroshika Pillay Veel Pilay Yu Kie Chem S Selvanesan Norita Shamsudin Wes Hinsley Isobel M Blake Nor Zahrin Hasran Norhayati Rusli I-Ching Sam Yoke Fun Chan Margarita Pons-Salort |
| author_facet | Victoria M Cox Rohani Jahis Rehan Shuhada Abu Bakar Noriah Mohd Yusof Kiroshika Pillay Veel Pilay Yu Kie Chem S Selvanesan Norita Shamsudin Wes Hinsley Isobel M Blake Nor Zahrin Hasran Norhayati Rusli I-Ching Sam Yoke Fun Chan Margarita Pons-Salort |
| author_sort | Victoria M Cox |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic in Asia-Pacific. There is geographic variability in the timing of HFMD outbreaks throughout the year across the region, and seasonality becomes less clear towards tropical regions. We used syndromic HFMD case surveillance data from 2009 to 2019 (N = 354,769 cases) to characterise the spatio-temporal dynamics of HFMD in Malaysia, which has a tropical climate, and identify factors associated with transmission. Despite the absence of regular annual seasonal patterns of incidence, HFMD epidemics were highly synchronised across districts within Peninsular and East Malaysia, but less so between the two regions. Median estimates of the state-level daily effective reproduction number (Rt) ranged from 0.47 to 1.54. Meteorological factors were found to have a small effect on HFMD transmission compared to the depletion of susceptibles (as a proxy for population immunity) and school closures, likely due to the low seasonal weather variability across the year. Studies using wider spatial scales covering a diversity of climate regions are needed to identify meteorological factors determining the timing of HFMD epidemics across Asia-Pacific countries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e5a7a89fabb440d8b3b2ea16140404b2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-e5a7a89fabb440d8b3b2ea16140404b22025-08-20T03:27:07ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352025-06-01196e001317410.1371/journal.pntd.0013174Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019.Victoria M CoxRohani JahisRehan Shuhada Abu BakarNoriah Mohd YusofKiroshika Pillay Veel PilayYu Kie ChemS SelvanesanNorita ShamsudinWes HinsleyIsobel M BlakeNor Zahrin HasranNorhayati RusliI-Ching SamYoke Fun ChanMargarita Pons-SalortHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic in Asia-Pacific. There is geographic variability in the timing of HFMD outbreaks throughout the year across the region, and seasonality becomes less clear towards tropical regions. We used syndromic HFMD case surveillance data from 2009 to 2019 (N = 354,769 cases) to characterise the spatio-temporal dynamics of HFMD in Malaysia, which has a tropical climate, and identify factors associated with transmission. Despite the absence of regular annual seasonal patterns of incidence, HFMD epidemics were highly synchronised across districts within Peninsular and East Malaysia, but less so between the two regions. Median estimates of the state-level daily effective reproduction number (Rt) ranged from 0.47 to 1.54. Meteorological factors were found to have a small effect on HFMD transmission compared to the depletion of susceptibles (as a proxy for population immunity) and school closures, likely due to the low seasonal weather variability across the year. Studies using wider spatial scales covering a diversity of climate regions are needed to identify meteorological factors determining the timing of HFMD epidemics across Asia-Pacific countries.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013174 |
| spellingShingle | Victoria M Cox Rohani Jahis Rehan Shuhada Abu Bakar Noriah Mohd Yusof Kiroshika Pillay Veel Pilay Yu Kie Chem S Selvanesan Norita Shamsudin Wes Hinsley Isobel M Blake Nor Zahrin Hasran Norhayati Rusli I-Ching Sam Yoke Fun Chan Margarita Pons-Salort Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. |
| title_full | Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. |
| title_fullStr | Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. |
| title_short | Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009-2019. |
| title_sort | spatio temporal dynamics of hand foot and mouth disease in malaysia 2009 2019 |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013174 |
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