Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes

Plastic materials contain hazardous chemicals, including additives like flame retardants, antioxidants, stabilizers, and metals, which can leach into the environment and impact aquatic life. This study is the first to evaluate the toxicity of leachates derived from car tyre granulates (CTG) and PET...

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Main Authors: M. Elisabetta Michelangeli, Sicco H. Brandsma, Maria Margalef, Emelie Forsman, Sebastian Kuehr, Davide Spanu, Tânia Gomes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-01-01
Series:Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000347
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author M. Elisabetta Michelangeli
Sicco H. Brandsma
Maria Margalef
Emelie Forsman
Sebastian Kuehr
Davide Spanu
Tânia Gomes
author_facet M. Elisabetta Michelangeli
Sicco H. Brandsma
Maria Margalef
Emelie Forsman
Sebastian Kuehr
Davide Spanu
Tânia Gomes
author_sort M. Elisabetta Michelangeli
collection DOAJ
description Plastic materials contain hazardous chemicals, including additives like flame retardants, antioxidants, stabilizers, and metals, which can leach into the environment and impact aquatic life. This study is the first to evaluate the toxicity of leachates derived from car tyre granulates (CTG) and PET bottles (PET) on haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis using a flow cytometry approach close to in vitro conditions. Following 24 h exposure, CTG leachates, characterized by a complex chemical profile (13,520 features) and high metal load, reduced cell viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and lysosomal content. These leachates also impaired cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial membrane potentials, increased neutral lipids and altered DNA content. PET leachates, although with fewer chemical features (5631) and metal levels, also reduced cell viability, metabolic activity, LPO, and lysosome content, while increasing cytoplasmic membrane potential, ROS levels, NL, and altering MMP and DNA content. These findings indicated that leachates from CTG and PET can impair haemocytes functions in bivalves through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, membrane depolarization, and disrupted metabolic processes, underscoring their toxic potential. This study highlighted the toxicity pathways of plastic leachates in marine organisms, linking their complex chemical composition of organic and inorganic compounds to high ecotoxicological risks in environmental conditions.
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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spelling doaj-art-e5a35a5e72ad4dc588ba3b2fce17de8c2025-08-20T03:18:15ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology2590-18262025-01-01777679010.1016/j.enceco.2025.03.010Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytesM. Elisabetta Michelangeli0Sicco H. Brandsma1Maria Margalef2Emelie Forsman3Sebastian Kuehr4Davide Spanu5Tânia Gomes6Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, NorwayAmsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Chemistry for Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAmsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Chemistry for Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, ItalyNorwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Corresponding author at: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway.Plastic materials contain hazardous chemicals, including additives like flame retardants, antioxidants, stabilizers, and metals, which can leach into the environment and impact aquatic life. This study is the first to evaluate the toxicity of leachates derived from car tyre granulates (CTG) and PET bottles (PET) on haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis using a flow cytometry approach close to in vitro conditions. Following 24 h exposure, CTG leachates, characterized by a complex chemical profile (13,520 features) and high metal load, reduced cell viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and lysosomal content. These leachates also impaired cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial membrane potentials, increased neutral lipids and altered DNA content. PET leachates, although with fewer chemical features (5631) and metal levels, also reduced cell viability, metabolic activity, LPO, and lysosome content, while increasing cytoplasmic membrane potential, ROS levels, NL, and altering MMP and DNA content. These findings indicated that leachates from CTG and PET can impair haemocytes functions in bivalves through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, membrane depolarization, and disrupted metabolic processes, underscoring their toxic potential. This study highlighted the toxicity pathways of plastic leachates in marine organisms, linking their complex chemical composition of organic and inorganic compounds to high ecotoxicological risks in environmental conditions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000347Car tyre leachatesPET leachatesHaemocytesMytilus edulisToxicity
spellingShingle M. Elisabetta Michelangeli
Sicco H. Brandsma
Maria Margalef
Emelie Forsman
Sebastian Kuehr
Davide Spanu
Tânia Gomes
Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
Car tyre leachates
PET leachates
Haemocytes
Mytilus edulis
Toxicity
title Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
title_full Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
title_fullStr Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
title_full_unstemmed Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
title_short Chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and PET bottles induce toxic effects on Mytilus edulis haemocytes
title_sort chemical leachates from car tyre granulates and pet bottles induce toxic effects on mytilus edulis haemocytes
topic Car tyre leachates
PET leachates
Haemocytes
Mytilus edulis
Toxicity
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000347
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