Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021
Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Spatial-temporal characteristics are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. However, long-term global variations of stroke are still lacking. Objective To identify the characteristics of t...
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BMC
2025-02-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21774-9 |
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| author | Siyi Xing Xiaoliang Chen Hong Zhu Xinmei Li Ge Zhang Jie Li |
| author_facet | Siyi Xing Xiaoliang Chen Hong Zhu Xinmei Li Ge Zhang Jie Li |
| author_sort | Siyi Xing |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Spatial-temporal characteristics are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. However, long-term global variations of stroke are still lacking. Objective To identify the characteristics of the global spatial distribution of age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) due to stroke during 2000–2021, thereby informing the efficient allocation of global health care resources. Methods Based on age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) due to stroke from the Global Health Estimates database, we analyzed stroke variation from 2000 to 2021 in 183 countries worldwide using Moran’s I, Getis-Ord Gi*, and Standard Deviation Ellipse. We stratified the 183 countries into different income groups according to World Bank classification to identify the socioeconomic influence on stroke mortality. Results The result showed that ① From 2000 to 2021, the number of stroke deaths increased worldwide, but the AMSR due to stroke showed a downward trend; ② The spatial distribution of the global AMSR due to stroke varies across geographic regions. with the highest in Asia and southern Africa, and the lowest in Europe and North America; ③ The spatial pattern of hot and cold spots of AMSR due to stroke remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2021, with the greatest changes in Africa and Asia; ④ Generally, countries belong to higher economic groups have lower stroke mortality rate, and this pattern persisted throughout the study period. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence on spatial variations of stroke mortality worldwide over 20 years, and are informative on evidence-based allocation of medical resources globally. Clinical trial number Not applicable. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e567834d53b542c88d60fd4cca11fb5a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-e567834d53b542c88d60fd4cca11fb5a2025-08-20T03:10:54ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-02-0125111110.1186/s12889-025-21774-9Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021Siyi Xing0Xiaoliang Chen1Hong Zhu2Xinmei Li3Ge Zhang4Jie Li5College of Geography and Tourism, Hengyang Normal UniversitySchool of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou UniversitySchool of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou UniversityDepartment of Geriatrics, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineDevelopment Research Center of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese MedicineSchool of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou UniversityAbstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Spatial-temporal characteristics are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. However, long-term global variations of stroke are still lacking. Objective To identify the characteristics of the global spatial distribution of age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) due to stroke during 2000–2021, thereby informing the efficient allocation of global health care resources. Methods Based on age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) due to stroke from the Global Health Estimates database, we analyzed stroke variation from 2000 to 2021 in 183 countries worldwide using Moran’s I, Getis-Ord Gi*, and Standard Deviation Ellipse. We stratified the 183 countries into different income groups according to World Bank classification to identify the socioeconomic influence on stroke mortality. Results The result showed that ① From 2000 to 2021, the number of stroke deaths increased worldwide, but the AMSR due to stroke showed a downward trend; ② The spatial distribution of the global AMSR due to stroke varies across geographic regions. with the highest in Asia and southern Africa, and the lowest in Europe and North America; ③ The spatial pattern of hot and cold spots of AMSR due to stroke remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2021, with the greatest changes in Africa and Asia; ④ Generally, countries belong to higher economic groups have lower stroke mortality rate, and this pattern persisted throughout the study period. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence on spatial variations of stroke mortality worldwide over 20 years, and are informative on evidence-based allocation of medical resources globally. Clinical trial number Not applicable.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21774-9StrokeSpatial analysisStroke mortalitySpatial-temporal variations |
| spellingShingle | Siyi Xing Xiaoliang Chen Hong Zhu Xinmei Li Ge Zhang Jie Li Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 BMC Public Health Stroke Spatial analysis Stroke mortality Spatial-temporal variations |
| title | Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| title_full | Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| title_short | Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| title_sort | spatial temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021 |
| topic | Stroke Spatial analysis Stroke mortality Spatial-temporal variations |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21774-9 |
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