GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management

This study presents a hybrid adaptive control strategy that integrates genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for precise thermal regulation of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To address the nonlinear and disturbance-sensitive dynamics of SP...

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Main Authors: Mingjun Kuang, Qingwen Hou, Jindong Wang, Jianping Guo, Zhengjun Wei
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Machines
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/624
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author Mingjun Kuang
Qingwen Hou
Jindong Wang
Jianping Guo
Zhengjun Wei
author_facet Mingjun Kuang
Qingwen Hou
Jindong Wang
Jianping Guo
Zhengjun Wei
author_sort Mingjun Kuang
collection DOAJ
description This study presents a hybrid adaptive control strategy that integrates genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for precise thermal regulation of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To address the nonlinear and disturbance-sensitive dynamics of SPAD systems, a performance-oriented dataset is constructed through multi-scenario simulations using settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error as fitness metrics. The genetic algorithm (GA) facilitates broad exploration of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller parameter space while ensuring control stability by discarding low-performing gain combinations. The resulting high-quality dataset is used to train the ANFIS model, enabling real-time, adaptive tuning of PID gains. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GA-ANFIS-PID controller significantly enhances dynamic response, robustness, and adaptability over both the conventional Ziegler–Nichols PID and GA-only PID schemes. The controller maintains stability under structural perturbations and abrupt thermal disturbances without the need for offline retuning, owing to the real-time inference capabilities of the ANFIS model. By combining global evolutionary optimization with intelligent online adaptation, this approach improves both accuracy and generalization, offering a practical and scalable solution for SPAD thermal management in demanding environments such as quantum communication, sensing, and single-photon detection platforms.
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spelling doaj-art-e54956fb8de041d79f58cb04f76f89b62025-08-20T03:08:12ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022025-07-0113762410.3390/machines13070624GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal ManagementMingjun Kuang0Qingwen Hou1Jindong Wang2Jianping Guo3Zhengjun Wei4Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThis study presents a hybrid adaptive control strategy that integrates genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for precise thermal regulation of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To address the nonlinear and disturbance-sensitive dynamics of SPAD systems, a performance-oriented dataset is constructed through multi-scenario simulations using settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error as fitness metrics. The genetic algorithm (GA) facilitates broad exploration of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller parameter space while ensuring control stability by discarding low-performing gain combinations. The resulting high-quality dataset is used to train the ANFIS model, enabling real-time, adaptive tuning of PID gains. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GA-ANFIS-PID controller significantly enhances dynamic response, robustness, and adaptability over both the conventional Ziegler–Nichols PID and GA-only PID schemes. The controller maintains stability under structural perturbations and abrupt thermal disturbances without the need for offline retuning, owing to the real-time inference capabilities of the ANFIS model. By combining global evolutionary optimization with intelligent online adaptation, this approach improves both accuracy and generalization, offering a practical and scalable solution for SPAD thermal management in demanding environments such as quantum communication, sensing, and single-photon detection platforms.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/624ANFIS-PIDgenetic algorithmhybrid adaptive controlsingle-photon avalanche diodesthermal regulation
spellingShingle Mingjun Kuang
Qingwen Hou
Jindong Wang
Jianping Guo
Zhengjun Wei
GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
Machines
ANFIS-PID
genetic algorithm
hybrid adaptive control
single-photon avalanche diodes
thermal regulation
title GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
title_full GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
title_fullStr GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
title_full_unstemmed GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
title_short GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management
title_sort ga synthesized training framework for adaptive neuro fuzzy pid control in high precision spad thermal management
topic ANFIS-PID
genetic algorithm
hybrid adaptive control
single-photon avalanche diodes
thermal regulation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/624
work_keys_str_mv AT mingjunkuang gasynthesizedtrainingframeworkforadaptiveneurofuzzypidcontrolinhighprecisionspadthermalmanagement
AT qingwenhou gasynthesizedtrainingframeworkforadaptiveneurofuzzypidcontrolinhighprecisionspadthermalmanagement
AT jindongwang gasynthesizedtrainingframeworkforadaptiveneurofuzzypidcontrolinhighprecisionspadthermalmanagement
AT jianpingguo gasynthesizedtrainingframeworkforadaptiveneurofuzzypidcontrolinhighprecisionspadthermalmanagement
AT zhengjunwei gasynthesizedtrainingframeworkforadaptiveneurofuzzypidcontrolinhighprecisionspadthermalmanagement