How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach
This study aims to address the question of how technical variations in 5G network planning in urban areas impact carbon footprint emissions. In order to answer the question, this study simulated the carbon footprint impact of 5G network design in the city of Depok, Indonesia, through scenarios of va...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003881/ |
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| author | Muhammad Irfan Maulana Muhammad Suryanegara Ruki Harwahyu Alfin Hikmaturokhman Alhaura Edsa Batrisya |
| author_facet | Muhammad Irfan Maulana Muhammad Suryanegara Ruki Harwahyu Alfin Hikmaturokhman Alhaura Edsa Batrisya |
| author_sort | Muhammad Irfan Maulana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aims to address the question of how technical variations in 5G network planning in urban areas impact carbon footprint emissions. In order to answer the question, this study simulated the carbon footprint impact of 5G network design in the city of Depok, Indonesia, through scenarios of variation in three technical parameters: bandwidth, modulation, and MIMO antenna configuration (V-layer). The analysis focuses on the specific global warming potential (GWP) over a 20-year horizon, serving as the key parameter in assessing environmental impact. The findings reveal that increasing throughput per site significantly reduces the carbon footprint of passive tower components. In Scenario #1, wider bandwidths yield substantial reductions in carbon emissions, as increasing bandwidth from 20 MHz to 100 MHz reduces the carbon footprint by 81.40%. Scenario #2 demonstrates the effectiveness of higher-order modulations, such as 256QAM, in reducing carbon emissions. Transitioning from QPSK to 256QAM achieves a 75.00% reduction in carbon footprint. The results reveal a clear trend: as throughput per site increases, the carbon footprint of the passive 5G tower component decreases. However, Scenario #3 highlights a trade-off between energy consumption and antenna configuration, as higher MIMO configurations require more energy. These results signified the importance of optimizing bandwidth and modulation in 5G network design to minimize environmental impact, providing actionable insights for network operators aiming to integrate sustainability into their strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e547f98c6da841be8b3f3a503a0a06cc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-e547f98c6da841be8b3f3a503a0a06cc2025-08-20T03:08:17ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113857898580610.1109/ACCESS.2025.356975411003881How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ApproachMuhammad Irfan Maulana0https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5984-471XMuhammad Suryanegara1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-3931Ruki Harwahyu2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-9128Alfin Hikmaturokhman3Alhaura Edsa Batrisya4Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Purwokerto, Central Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaThis study aims to address the question of how technical variations in 5G network planning in urban areas impact carbon footprint emissions. In order to answer the question, this study simulated the carbon footprint impact of 5G network design in the city of Depok, Indonesia, through scenarios of variation in three technical parameters: bandwidth, modulation, and MIMO antenna configuration (V-layer). The analysis focuses on the specific global warming potential (GWP) over a 20-year horizon, serving as the key parameter in assessing environmental impact. The findings reveal that increasing throughput per site significantly reduces the carbon footprint of passive tower components. In Scenario #1, wider bandwidths yield substantial reductions in carbon emissions, as increasing bandwidth from 20 MHz to 100 MHz reduces the carbon footprint by 81.40%. Scenario #2 demonstrates the effectiveness of higher-order modulations, such as 256QAM, in reducing carbon emissions. Transitioning from QPSK to 256QAM achieves a 75.00% reduction in carbon footprint. The results reveal a clear trend: as throughput per site increases, the carbon footprint of the passive 5G tower component decreases. However, Scenario #3 highlights a trade-off between energy consumption and antenna configuration, as higher MIMO configurations require more energy. These results signified the importance of optimizing bandwidth and modulation in 5G network design to minimize environmental impact, providing actionable insights for network operators aiming to integrate sustainability into their strategies.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003881/5Gcarbon footprintgreen technologyLCAsustainability |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Irfan Maulana Muhammad Suryanegara Ruki Harwahyu Alfin Hikmaturokhman Alhaura Edsa Batrisya How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach IEEE Access 5G carbon footprint green technology LCA sustainability |
| title | How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach |
| title_full | How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach |
| title_fullStr | How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach |
| title_short | How Technical Variations in 5G Network Planning for Urban Areas Impact Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach |
| title_sort | how technical variations in 5g network planning for urban areas impact carbon footprint a life cycle assessment lca approach |
| topic | 5G carbon footprint green technology LCA sustainability |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003881/ |
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