<i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents
Malaria is endemic to developing countries despite several efforts from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, and this has been attributed to many factors, including resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. This study, therefore, evaluated phytochemical levels and antimal...
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PAGEPress Publications
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.pagepress.org/medicine/idhm/article/view/431 |
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| author | Casim Umba Tolo Clement Olusoji Ajayi Rapheal Wangalwa Bruhan Kaggwa Joshua Kiptoo Martin Amanya |
| author_facet | Casim Umba Tolo Clement Olusoji Ajayi Rapheal Wangalwa Bruhan Kaggwa Joshua Kiptoo Martin Amanya |
| author_sort | Casim Umba Tolo |
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Malaria is endemic to developing countries despite several efforts from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, and this has been attributed to many factors, including resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. This study, therefore, evaluated phytochemical levels and antimalarial properties of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark extracted with various solvents as potential future alternative antimalarial drug development. Aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from M. lutea leaf and stem-bark were evaluated for alkaloid, flavonoids, and phenolic levels using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The extracts were further evaluated for antimalarial properties at 100-400 mg/kg on Plasmodium berghei NK65-induced mice using a 4-day test. The ethyl acetate leaf extract (50.8 µg/mg) gave the highest Quercetin Equivalent of Flavonoids (QEF), followed by ethanol and methanol leaf extracts with 46.2 and 47.5 µg/mg QEF, respectively. Methanol exhibited the highest level of Gallic Acid Equivalent of Phenolics (GAEP) with 213.4 µg/mg, while aqueous leaf extract was the lowest with 96.1 µg/mg GAEP. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract, ethanol, and methanol stem-bark extract possessed antimalarial activity with the lowest ED50 of 237.5 and 240.6, 233.8, and 236.6 mg/kg, respectively. The extracts of Markhamia lutea leaf and stem-bark demonstrated antimalarial properties with high contents of phenolic and flavonoid components, while the extracts showed no acute toxicity at the tested doses in the animals studied.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e50d706a9c644ff586ec15a5c914e672 |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | PAGEPress Publications |
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| series | Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-e50d706a9c644ff586ec15a5c914e6722025-08-20T02:10:57ZengPAGEPress PublicationsInfectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine2724-52842025-04-016110.4081/idhm.2025.431<i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contentsCasim Umba Tolo0Clement Olusoji Ajayi1Rapheal Wangalwa2Bruhan Kaggwa3Joshua Kiptoo4Martin Amanya5Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara; Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, MbararaPharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara; Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, MbararaDepartment of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, MbararaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, KampalaDepartment of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, MbararaDepartment of Pharmacology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara Malaria is endemic to developing countries despite several efforts from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, and this has been attributed to many factors, including resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. This study, therefore, evaluated phytochemical levels and antimalarial properties of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark extracted with various solvents as potential future alternative antimalarial drug development. Aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from M. lutea leaf and stem-bark were evaluated for alkaloid, flavonoids, and phenolic levels using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The extracts were further evaluated for antimalarial properties at 100-400 mg/kg on Plasmodium berghei NK65-induced mice using a 4-day test. The ethyl acetate leaf extract (50.8 µg/mg) gave the highest Quercetin Equivalent of Flavonoids (QEF), followed by ethanol and methanol leaf extracts with 46.2 and 47.5 µg/mg QEF, respectively. Methanol exhibited the highest level of Gallic Acid Equivalent of Phenolics (GAEP) with 213.4 µg/mg, while aqueous leaf extract was the lowest with 96.1 µg/mg GAEP. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract, ethanol, and methanol stem-bark extract possessed antimalarial activity with the lowest ED50 of 237.5 and 240.6, 233.8, and 236.6 mg/kg, respectively. The extracts of Markhamia lutea leaf and stem-bark demonstrated antimalarial properties with high contents of phenolic and flavonoid components, while the extracts showed no acute toxicity at the tested doses in the animals studied. https://www.pagepress.org/medicine/idhm/article/view/431AntimalarialparasitaemiachemosuppressionphytochemicalsMarkhamia lutea |
| spellingShingle | Casim Umba Tolo Clement Olusoji Ajayi Rapheal Wangalwa Bruhan Kaggwa Joshua Kiptoo Martin Amanya <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine Antimalarial parasitaemia chemosuppression phytochemicals Markhamia lutea |
| title | <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents |
| title_full | <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents |
| title_fullStr | <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents |
| title_short | <i>In vivo</i> antimalarial property of <i>Markhamia lutea</i> (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents |
| title_sort | i in vivo i antimalarial property of i markhamia lutea i benth k schum leaf and stem bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids flavonoids and phenolic contents |
| topic | Antimalarial parasitaemia chemosuppression phytochemicals Markhamia lutea |
| url | https://www.pagepress.org/medicine/idhm/article/view/431 |
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