Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation

In recent years, the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been increasing steadily. Environmental factors, such as plastic usage and chemical exposure, have been implicated in exacerbating cerebrovascular disease outcomes, including ICH. Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), a non-phthalate pla...

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Main Authors: Jia-Wei Wu, Yi-Ting Zhou, Bing-Xin Wang, Peng Wang, Xu-Qi Zhang, Xiao-Jie Lu, Zeng-Li Miao, Xu-Dong Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325008267
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author Jia-Wei Wu
Yi-Ting Zhou
Bing-Xin Wang
Peng Wang
Xu-Qi Zhang
Xiao-Jie Lu
Zeng-Li Miao
Xu-Dong Zhao
author_facet Jia-Wei Wu
Yi-Ting Zhou
Bing-Xin Wang
Peng Wang
Xu-Qi Zhang
Xiao-Jie Lu
Zeng-Li Miao
Xu-Dong Zhao
author_sort Jia-Wei Wu
collection DOAJ
description In recent years, the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been increasing steadily. Environmental factors, such as plastic usage and chemical exposure, have been implicated in exacerbating cerebrovascular disease outcomes, including ICH. Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), a non-phthalate plasticizer, is commonly used in food packaging, medical devices, and children’s toys. Due to its high leaching potential from plastic materials, human exposure to ATBC has become increasingly prevalent. Although previous studies have generally reported ATBC as safe for human health, they have primarily focused on high-dose exposures, with limited evidence regarding the safety of environmentally relevant concentrations. This study investigated the effects of medium- to long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of ATBC. The results showed that ATBC exposure contributed to hematoma enlargement, induced neuronal cell death, and severely impaired intestinal barrier function in ICH mice. ATBC pretreatment reduced neurofilament and axon protein expression and activated the SRC-STAT3-MMPs pathway in BV2 cells in vitro. Based on these medium- to long-term in vivo and in vitro findings, ATBC may be a potential environmental risk factor that worsens the prognosis of ICH. The use of ATBC in consumer products warrants careful reevaluation.
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spelling doaj-art-e4fff94b7d3343a6aec7fed205197d0d2025-08-20T02:07:38ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-07-0130011848610.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118486Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validationJia-Wei Wu0Yi-Ting Zhou1Bing-Xin Wang2Peng Wang3Xu-Qi Zhang4Xiao-Jie Lu5Zeng-Li Miao6Xu-Dong Zhao7Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi Neurosurgical Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, ChinaDepartment of Intervention Therapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214005, ChinaWuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi Neurosurgical Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi Neurosurgical Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China; Corresponding author at: Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China.Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Wuxi Neurosurgical Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China; Corresponding author at: Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214002, China.In recent years, the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been increasing steadily. Environmental factors, such as plastic usage and chemical exposure, have been implicated in exacerbating cerebrovascular disease outcomes, including ICH. Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), a non-phthalate plasticizer, is commonly used in food packaging, medical devices, and children’s toys. Due to its high leaching potential from plastic materials, human exposure to ATBC has become increasingly prevalent. Although previous studies have generally reported ATBC as safe for human health, they have primarily focused on high-dose exposures, with limited evidence regarding the safety of environmentally relevant concentrations. This study investigated the effects of medium- to long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of ATBC. The results showed that ATBC exposure contributed to hematoma enlargement, induced neuronal cell death, and severely impaired intestinal barrier function in ICH mice. ATBC pretreatment reduced neurofilament and axon protein expression and activated the SRC-STAT3-MMPs pathway in BV2 cells in vitro. Based on these medium- to long-term in vivo and in vitro findings, ATBC may be a potential environmental risk factor that worsens the prognosis of ICH. The use of ATBC in consumer products warrants careful reevaluation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325008267ATBCICHNetwork toxicologyMolecular dockingSRC-STAT3 pathway
spellingShingle Jia-Wei Wu
Yi-Ting Zhou
Bing-Xin Wang
Peng Wang
Xu-Qi Zhang
Xiao-Jie Lu
Zeng-Li Miao
Xu-Dong Zhao
Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
ATBC
ICH
Network toxicology
Molecular docking
SRC-STAT3 pathway
title Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
title_full Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
title_fullStr Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
title_full_unstemmed Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
title_short Uncovering the effects of ATBC plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
title_sort uncovering the effects of atbc plasticizers on intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes based on network toxicology and in vitro and in vivo experimental validation
topic ATBC
ICH
Network toxicology
Molecular docking
SRC-STAT3 pathway
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325008267
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