External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO
In this paper, a physical approach is proposed to describe external (air-induced) passive intermodulation (PIM) for a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with an arbitrary number of transceiver chains. It is caused by metallic objects with nonlinear charac...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003912/ |
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| author | Stanislav Krikunov Viacheslav Zemlyakov Andrey Ivanov |
| author_facet | Stanislav Krikunov Viacheslav Zemlyakov Andrey Ivanov |
| author_sort | Stanislav Krikunov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, a physical approach is proposed to describe external (air-induced) passive intermodulation (PIM) for a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with an arbitrary number of transceiver chains. It is caused by metallic objects with nonlinear characteristics (“rusty bolt” effect) located near the base station (fence, billboard). PIM penetrates the antenna receiving chain and degrades the uplink signal. Generally, PIM modeling in MIMO systems represents a complicated task that traditionally requires numerous hardware experiments in numerous environment setups. We present a novel approach for replacing experiments with full-cycle physical modeling of external PIM in the MIMO system. The proposed model includes all steps starting from the generation of transmitting signals through the electromagnetic modeling of the antenna array and open space to a set of variable nonlinear sources and back to the receivers. Its performance was validated with synthetic signals equivalent to the measured data in the literature. Thus, this work contributes to more efficient PIM generation by decreasing the number of hardware experiments while increasing the diversity of PIM scenarios, especially for large MIMO systems and multiple PIM sources of any nature. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e4fd89d9a54d41a389bef3118b8f7fcf |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-e4fd89d9a54d41a389bef3118b8f7fcf2025-08-20T03:19:32ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113860128602510.1109/ACCESS.2025.357022411003912External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMOStanislav Krikunov0https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9775-3564Viacheslav Zemlyakov1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-6759Andrey Ivanov2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-3368Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, RussiaSouthern Federal University, ostov-on-Don, RussiaSkolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, RussiaIn this paper, a physical approach is proposed to describe external (air-induced) passive intermodulation (PIM) for a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with an arbitrary number of transceiver chains. It is caused by metallic objects with nonlinear characteristics (“rusty bolt” effect) located near the base station (fence, billboard). PIM penetrates the antenna receiving chain and degrades the uplink signal. Generally, PIM modeling in MIMO systems represents a complicated task that traditionally requires numerous hardware experiments in numerous environment setups. We present a novel approach for replacing experiments with full-cycle physical modeling of external PIM in the MIMO system. The proposed model includes all steps starting from the generation of transmitting signals through the electromagnetic modeling of the antenna array and open space to a set of variable nonlinear sources and back to the receivers. Its performance was validated with synthetic signals equivalent to the measured data in the literature. Thus, this work contributes to more efficient PIM generation by decreasing the number of hardware experiments while increasing the diversity of PIM scenarios, especially for large MIMO systems and multiple PIM sources of any nature.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003912/Multiple input multiple output (MIMO)frequency division duplexing (FDD)passive intermodulation (PIM)carrier aggregation (CA) |
| spellingShingle | Stanislav Krikunov Viacheslav Zemlyakov Andrey Ivanov External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO IEEE Access Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) frequency division duplexing (FDD) passive intermodulation (PIM) carrier aggregation (CA) |
| title | External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO |
| title_full | External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO |
| title_fullStr | External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO |
| title_full_unstemmed | External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO |
| title_short | External PIM Modeling in FDD MIMO |
| title_sort | external pim modeling in fdd mimo |
| topic | Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) frequency division duplexing (FDD) passive intermodulation (PIM) carrier aggregation (CA) |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11003912/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stanislavkrikunov externalpimmodelinginfddmimo AT viacheslavzemlyakov externalpimmodelinginfddmimo AT andreyivanov externalpimmodelinginfddmimo |