Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses
Abstract Water sustainability in the built environment requires an accurate estimation of residential water end uses (e.g., showers, toilets, faucets, etc.). In this study, we evaluate the performance of four models (Random Forest, RF; Support Vector Machines, SVM; Logistic Regression, Log‐reg; and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-06-01
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| Series: | Water Resources Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036690 |
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| author | Zahra Heydari Ashlynn S. Stillwell |
| author_facet | Zahra Heydari Ashlynn S. Stillwell |
| author_sort | Zahra Heydari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Water sustainability in the built environment requires an accurate estimation of residential water end uses (e.g., showers, toilets, faucets, etc.). In this study, we evaluate the performance of four models (Random Forest, RF; Support Vector Machines, SVM; Logistic Regression, Log‐reg; and Neural Networks, NN) for residential water end‐use classification using actual (measured) and synthetic labeled data sets. We generated synthetic labeled data using Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks. We then utilized grid search to train each model on their respective optimized hyperparameters. The RF model exhibited the best model performance overall, while the Log‐reg model had the shortest execution times under different balanced and imbalanced (based on number of events per class) synthetic data scenarios, demonstrating a computationally efficient alternative for RF for specific end uses. The NN model exhibited high performance with the tradeoff of longer execution times compared to the other classification models. In the balanced data set scenario, all models achieved closely aligned F1‐scores, ranging from 0.83 to 0.90. However, when faced with imbalanced data reflective of actual conditions, both the SVM and Log‐reg models showed inferior performance compared to the RF and NN models. Overall, we concluded that decision tree‐based models emerge as the optimal choice for classification tasks in the context of water end‐use data. Our study advances residential smart water metering systems through creating synthetic labeled end‐use data and providing insight into the strengths and weaknesses of various supervised machine learning classifiers for end‐use identification. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e4fbe6a91e5f47a1aa433370e4657c1b |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0043-1397 1944-7973 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water Resources Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-e4fbe6a91e5f47a1aa433370e4657c1b2025-08-20T02:09:25ZengWileyWater Resources Research0043-13971944-79732024-06-01606n/an/a10.1029/2023WR036690Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End UsesZahra Heydari0Ashlynn S. Stillwell1Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USACivil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USAAbstract Water sustainability in the built environment requires an accurate estimation of residential water end uses (e.g., showers, toilets, faucets, etc.). In this study, we evaluate the performance of four models (Random Forest, RF; Support Vector Machines, SVM; Logistic Regression, Log‐reg; and Neural Networks, NN) for residential water end‐use classification using actual (measured) and synthetic labeled data sets. We generated synthetic labeled data using Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks. We then utilized grid search to train each model on their respective optimized hyperparameters. The RF model exhibited the best model performance overall, while the Log‐reg model had the shortest execution times under different balanced and imbalanced (based on number of events per class) synthetic data scenarios, demonstrating a computationally efficient alternative for RF for specific end uses. The NN model exhibited high performance with the tradeoff of longer execution times compared to the other classification models. In the balanced data set scenario, all models achieved closely aligned F1‐scores, ranging from 0.83 to 0.90. However, when faced with imbalanced data reflective of actual conditions, both the SVM and Log‐reg models showed inferior performance compared to the RF and NN models. Overall, we concluded that decision tree‐based models emerge as the optimal choice for classification tasks in the context of water end‐use data. Our study advances residential smart water metering systems through creating synthetic labeled end‐use data and providing insight into the strengths and weaknesses of various supervised machine learning classifiers for end‐use identification.https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036690classificationlogistic regressionmachine learningneural networkrandom forestresidential water |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Heydari Ashlynn S. Stillwell Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses Water Resources Research classification logistic regression machine learning neural network random forest residential water |
| title | Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses |
| title_full | Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses |
| title_short | Comparative Analysis of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Residential Water End Uses |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of supervised classification algorithms for residential water end uses |
| topic | classification logistic regression machine learning neural network random forest residential water |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036690 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zahraheydari comparativeanalysisofsupervisedclassificationalgorithmsforresidentialwaterenduses AT ashlynnsstillwell comparativeanalysisofsupervisedclassificationalgorithmsforresidentialwaterenduses |