Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland
Abstract Backgrounds The role of sex- and gender-related traits has often been downplayed in clinical studies and periodontal disease is no exception. Sex and gender represent distinct biological and sociocultural factors that may independently influence periodontal disease. These factors can affect...
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| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-08-01
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| Series: | BMC Oral Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06719-3 |
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| author | Livia Liechti Vera Regitz-Zagrosek Pimrapat Gebert Patrick R. Schmidlin Guglielmo Campus |
| author_facet | Livia Liechti Vera Regitz-Zagrosek Pimrapat Gebert Patrick R. Schmidlin Guglielmo Campus |
| author_sort | Livia Liechti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Backgrounds The role of sex- and gender-related traits has often been downplayed in clinical studies and periodontal disease is no exception. Sex and gender represent distinct biological and sociocultural factors that may independently influence periodontal disease. These factors can affect the risk and progression of periodontal disease as well as response to treatment. This clinical observational study was designed to evaluate gender distribution and the impact of sex and gender on health of gingival tissue using bleeding on probing and probing depth (Periodontal Screening Index “PSI”). Methods Four hundred thirty patients were included in this study. Clinical parameters were retrieved from standard examination and a questionnaire was used to assess gender. Sex was characterized as indicated in the birth certificate, a short version of a Swiss-Canadian gender questionnaire was used for the assessment of gender. In addition, patients were asked about self-attribution of gender and the gender Score (GS) was constructed for each subject. Results 53.0% (228 patients) were females and 47.0% (202 patients) males. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding sex distribution between the categorization of PSI in two and three groups (p = 0.68 and p = 0.57 respectively). The mean gender score (GS) in the subjects with Gingivitis/Mild Periodontitis was 51.75 ± 41.77 while in the subjects with claimed Periodontitis was 51.74 ± 40.55 (One-way ANOVA F = 0.00 p = 0.98). There was no statistically significant association between GS and periodontitis. Conclusions This study is one of the first to examine both sex and gender using a validated score in relation to periodontal disease. The outcomes of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that gender is not an indicator for the presence of periodontal disease in Swiss population, emphasizing the need to consider sex and gender as separate factors in clinical studies. Clinical screening protocols may not need to be adjusted based on gender-related traits. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e4b6daa5c6d140288eaf5c1211d714c8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1472-6831 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-e4b6daa5c6d140288eaf5c1211d714c82025-08-20T03:43:34ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312025-08-012511710.1186/s12903-025-06719-3Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in SwitzerlandLivia Liechti0Vera Regitz-Zagrosek1Pimrapat Gebert2Patrick R. Schmidlin3Guglielmo Campus4Division of Periodontology & Peri-Implant Diseases, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, University of ZurichCharité University Medicine BerlinCharité University Medicine BerlinDivision of Periodontology & Peri-Implant Diseases, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, University of ZurichDepartment of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothemburgAbstract Backgrounds The role of sex- and gender-related traits has often been downplayed in clinical studies and periodontal disease is no exception. Sex and gender represent distinct biological and sociocultural factors that may independently influence periodontal disease. These factors can affect the risk and progression of periodontal disease as well as response to treatment. This clinical observational study was designed to evaluate gender distribution and the impact of sex and gender on health of gingival tissue using bleeding on probing and probing depth (Periodontal Screening Index “PSI”). Methods Four hundred thirty patients were included in this study. Clinical parameters were retrieved from standard examination and a questionnaire was used to assess gender. Sex was characterized as indicated in the birth certificate, a short version of a Swiss-Canadian gender questionnaire was used for the assessment of gender. In addition, patients were asked about self-attribution of gender and the gender Score (GS) was constructed for each subject. Results 53.0% (228 patients) were females and 47.0% (202 patients) males. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding sex distribution between the categorization of PSI in two and three groups (p = 0.68 and p = 0.57 respectively). The mean gender score (GS) in the subjects with Gingivitis/Mild Periodontitis was 51.75 ± 41.77 while in the subjects with claimed Periodontitis was 51.74 ± 40.55 (One-way ANOVA F = 0.00 p = 0.98). There was no statistically significant association between GS and periodontitis. Conclusions This study is one of the first to examine both sex and gender using a validated score in relation to periodontal disease. The outcomes of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that gender is not an indicator for the presence of periodontal disease in Swiss population, emphasizing the need to consider sex and gender as separate factors in clinical studies. Clinical screening protocols may not need to be adjusted based on gender-related traits.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06719-3Periodontal diseaseSexGenderPeriodontitis |
| spellingShingle | Livia Liechti Vera Regitz-Zagrosek Pimrapat Gebert Patrick R. Schmidlin Guglielmo Campus Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland BMC Oral Health Periodontal disease Sex Gender Periodontitis |
| title | Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland |
| title_full | Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland |
| title_fullStr | Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland |
| title_short | Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland |
| title_sort | sex and gender differences in periodontal disease a cross sectional study in switzerland |
| topic | Periodontal disease Sex Gender Periodontitis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06719-3 |
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