Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment

Previous studies have found that individuals react differently to online customer service interactions with chatbots than human agents. However, it remains unclear which agent is more effective at mitigating negative consumer evaluations in the context of service failures. This article explores whet...

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Main Authors: Na Cai, Jeakang Heo, Jinzhe Yan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Acta Psychologica
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691825000204
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author Na Cai
Jeakang Heo
Jinzhe Yan
author_facet Na Cai
Jeakang Heo
Jinzhe Yan
author_sort Na Cai
collection DOAJ
description Previous studies have found that individuals react differently to online customer service interactions with chatbots than human agents. However, it remains unclear which agent is more effective at mitigating negative consumer evaluations in the context of service failures. This article explores whether online customer service agents, informed by social perception theory, can influence consumer evaluations by simulating service failure scenarios for future reference. In this study, human participants responded to a service failure interaction task with the Wizard-of-Oz method. This study conducted the pretest to verify the validity of stimuli and the main experiment to verify the proposed hypotheses. Results indicated that participants in human conditions were more likely to mitigate negative evaluations brought about by service failures, while a chatbot aggravated this negative effect. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between online chatbots and human agents in the context of service failures. Interactions with human agents can mitigate consumers' negative evaluations of services, as human agents are perceived to demonstrate higher competence than chatbots.
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spelling doaj-art-e4a6d42f0fc84dccaf15dc9ec72b0dfe2025-08-20T02:13:48ZengElsevierActa Psychologica0001-69182025-03-0125310470710.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104707Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experimentNa Cai0Jeakang Heo1Jinzhe Yan2Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, ChinaSKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea; Corresponding authors.College of Business, Gachon University, Republic of Korea; Corresponding authors.Previous studies have found that individuals react differently to online customer service interactions with chatbots than human agents. However, it remains unclear which agent is more effective at mitigating negative consumer evaluations in the context of service failures. This article explores whether online customer service agents, informed by social perception theory, can influence consumer evaluations by simulating service failure scenarios for future reference. In this study, human participants responded to a service failure interaction task with the Wizard-of-Oz method. This study conducted the pretest to verify the validity of stimuli and the main experiment to verify the proposed hypotheses. Results indicated that participants in human conditions were more likely to mitigate negative evaluations brought about by service failures, while a chatbot aggravated this negative effect. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between online chatbots and human agents in the context of service failures. Interactions with human agents can mitigate consumers' negative evaluations of services, as human agents are perceived to demonstrate higher competence than chatbots.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691825000204Agency typePerceived competencePerceived warmthText-based interactionExpectancy violations
spellingShingle Na Cai
Jeakang Heo
Jinzhe Yan
Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
Acta Psychologica
Agency type
Perceived competence
Perceived warmth
Text-based interaction
Expectancy violations
title Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
title_full Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
title_fullStr Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
title_full_unstemmed Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
title_short Understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures: Evidence from a Wizard-of-Oz experiment
title_sort understanding consumer reactions to chatbot service failures evidence from a wizard of oz experiment
topic Agency type
Perceived competence
Perceived warmth
Text-based interaction
Expectancy violations
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691825000204
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AT jeakangheo understandingconsumerreactionstochatbotservicefailuresevidencefromawizardofozexperiment
AT jinzheyan understandingconsumerreactionstochatbotservicefailuresevidencefromawizardofozexperiment