Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data

In time series analysis, the ability to effectively handle data with varying sampling rates is crucial for accurate modeling and analysis. This paper presents the MR-BoF (Multi-Resolution Bag of Functions) framework, which leverages sampling-rate-independent techniques to decompose time series data...

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Main Authors: David Orlando Salazar Torres, Diyar Altinses, Andreas Schwung
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4759
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author David Orlando Salazar Torres
Diyar Altinses
Andreas Schwung
author_facet David Orlando Salazar Torres
Diyar Altinses
Andreas Schwung
author_sort David Orlando Salazar Torres
collection DOAJ
description In time series analysis, the ability to effectively handle data with varying sampling rates is crucial for accurate modeling and analysis. This paper presents the MR-BoF (Multi-Resolution Bag of Functions) framework, which leverages sampling-rate-independent techniques to decompose time series data while accommodating signals with differing resolutions. Unlike traditional methods that require uniform sampling frequencies, the BoF framework employs a flexible encoding approach, allowing for the integration of multi-resolution time series. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate that the BoF framework ensures the precise reconstruction of the original data while enhancing resampling capabilities by utilizing decomposed components. The results show that this method offers significant advantages in scenarios involving irregular sampling rates and heterogeneous acquisition systems, making it a valuable tool for applications in fields such as finance, healthcare, industrial monitoring, IoT networks, and sensor networks.
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spelling doaj-art-e48b670f4e2e4a7a8821730c9b38ab992025-08-20T03:36:33ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-08-012515475910.3390/s25154759Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series DataDavid Orlando Salazar Torres0Diyar Altinses1Andreas Schwung2Department of Automation Technology and Learning Systems, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, GermanyDepartment of Automation Technology and Learning Systems, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, GermanyDepartment of Automation Technology and Learning Systems, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, GermanyIn time series analysis, the ability to effectively handle data with varying sampling rates is crucial for accurate modeling and analysis. This paper presents the MR-BoF (Multi-Resolution Bag of Functions) framework, which leverages sampling-rate-independent techniques to decompose time series data while accommodating signals with differing resolutions. Unlike traditional methods that require uniform sampling frequencies, the BoF framework employs a flexible encoding approach, allowing for the integration of multi-resolution time series. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate that the BoF framework ensures the precise reconstruction of the original data while enhancing resampling capabilities by utilizing decomposed components. The results show that this method offers significant advantages in scenarios involving irregular sampling rates and heterogeneous acquisition systems, making it a valuable tool for applications in fields such as finance, healthcare, industrial monitoring, IoT networks, and sensor networks.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4759Bag of Functions frameworkmulti-resolution signalsresamplingtime-invariant methodstime series decompositionvariable sampling rates
spellingShingle David Orlando Salazar Torres
Diyar Altinses
Andreas Schwung
Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
Sensors
Bag of Functions framework
multi-resolution signals
resampling
time-invariant methods
time series decomposition
variable sampling rates
title Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
title_full Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
title_fullStr Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
title_full_unstemmed Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
title_short Resampling Multi-Resolution Signals Using the Bag of Functions Framework: Addressing Variable Sampling Rates in Time Series Data
title_sort resampling multi resolution signals using the bag of functions framework addressing variable sampling rates in time series data
topic Bag of Functions framework
multi-resolution signals
resampling
time-invariant methods
time series decomposition
variable sampling rates
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4759
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