Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence
Introduction: Health disparities affecting minority populations and resulting in poorer outcomes for disadvantaged groups have been documented in the literature. Sodium/glucose-cotransporter 2 (SGLT2i) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) markedly decrease mortality from kidney and cardi...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Josiah Moore Ndidi Iheme Nicholas S. Rebold Harriet Kusi Constance Mere Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu Earl Ettienne Weerachai Chaijamorn Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul |
| author_facet | Josiah Moore Ndidi Iheme Nicholas S. Rebold Harriet Kusi Constance Mere Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu Earl Ettienne Weerachai Chaijamorn Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul |
| author_sort | Josiah Moore |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Health disparities affecting minority populations and resulting in poorer outcomes for disadvantaged groups have been documented in the literature. Sodium/glucose-cotransporter 2 (SGLT2i) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) markedly decrease mortality from kidney and cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the factors and disparities that lead to differences in SGLT2i and GLP-1RA initiation across different ethnic groups. Methods: This scoping review queried databases using key terms related to disparities in the initiation of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA among high-risk populations. Relevant data from eligible studies were extracted, organized, and analyzed thematically to identify key trends and patterns in the literature. Result: Nineteen studies were included in this review. Key risk factors influencing uptake included age, provider type, race, sex, education, comorbidities, insurance, and income, with minority patients consistently showing lower rates of initiation due to systemic barriers and socioeconomic disparities. Patients who were younger, male, had higher education or income levels, and received care from specialists were more likely to use these therapies. Conclusion: The adoption of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA remains suboptimal despite their proven kidney and cardiovascular benefits. Targeted efforts to reduce socioeconomic and racial inequities based on the factors identified should be encouraged. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e46ec9086f304585ba4cf91b319bf869 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2226-4787 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmacy |
| spelling | doaj-art-e46ec9086f304585ba4cf91b319bf8692025-08-20T02:18:20ZengMDPI AGPharmacy2226-47872025-03-011324610.3390/pharmacy13020046Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of EvidenceJosiah Moore0Ndidi Iheme1Nicholas S. Rebold2Harriet Kusi3Constance Mere4Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu5Earl Ettienne6Weerachai Chaijamorn7Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul8Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USADepartment of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USADepartment of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USADepartment of Pharmacy, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USADivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USADivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USADepartment of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USADepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandDepartment of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Science, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC 20059, USAIntroduction: Health disparities affecting minority populations and resulting in poorer outcomes for disadvantaged groups have been documented in the literature. Sodium/glucose-cotransporter 2 (SGLT2i) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) markedly decrease mortality from kidney and cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the factors and disparities that lead to differences in SGLT2i and GLP-1RA initiation across different ethnic groups. Methods: This scoping review queried databases using key terms related to disparities in the initiation of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA among high-risk populations. Relevant data from eligible studies were extracted, organized, and analyzed thematically to identify key trends and patterns in the literature. Result: Nineteen studies were included in this review. Key risk factors influencing uptake included age, provider type, race, sex, education, comorbidities, insurance, and income, with minority patients consistently showing lower rates of initiation due to systemic barriers and socioeconomic disparities. Patients who were younger, male, had higher education or income levels, and received care from specialists were more likely to use these therapies. Conclusion: The adoption of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA remains suboptimal despite their proven kidney and cardiovascular benefits. Targeted efforts to reduce socioeconomic and racial inequities based on the factors identified should be encouraged.https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/13/2/46disparitymedicationminorityinitiation |
| spellingShingle | Josiah Moore Ndidi Iheme Nicholas S. Rebold Harriet Kusi Constance Mere Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu Earl Ettienne Weerachai Chaijamorn Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence Pharmacy disparity medication minority initiation |
| title | Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence |
| title_full | Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence |
| title_fullStr | Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence |
| title_short | Factors and Disparities Influencing Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Initiation in the United States: A Scoping Review of Evidence |
| title_sort | factors and disparities influencing sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists initiation in the united states a scoping review of evidence |
| topic | disparity medication minority initiation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/13/2/46 |
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