Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue

Gouda-type cheese originated in the Netherlands, but is now produced all over the world. Analogue cheeses are cheese-like products with a lower price level that are based on non-dairy fats and proteins. The market demand for analogue cheese is currently also growing due to customers’ preference for...

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Main Authors: Piotr Borowik, Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska, Marcin Stocki, Heorhiy Hrynyk, Adam Okorski, Tomasz Pawłowicz, Rafał Tarakowski, Andrzej Orłowski, Tomasz Oszako
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Agriculture
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/3/336
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author Piotr Borowik
Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
Marcin Stocki
Heorhiy Hrynyk
Adam Okorski
Tomasz Pawłowicz
Rafał Tarakowski
Andrzej Orłowski
Tomasz Oszako
author_facet Piotr Borowik
Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
Marcin Stocki
Heorhiy Hrynyk
Adam Okorski
Tomasz Pawłowicz
Rafał Tarakowski
Andrzej Orłowski
Tomasz Oszako
author_sort Piotr Borowik
collection DOAJ
description Gouda-type cheese originated in the Netherlands, but is now produced all over the world. Analogue cheeses are cheese-like products with a lower price level that are based on non-dairy fats and proteins. The market demand for analogue cheese is currently also growing due to customers’ preference for low-fat foods. In this report, samples of Gouda-type cheese and its analogues produced by a dairy cooperative (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland) were used as the subject of analysis; their volatile profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, measurements were carried out using a low-cost electronic nose based on MOX sensors. The results showed a richer chemical composition of the cheese volatiles compared to the analogue product. The measurements with the electronic nose made it possible to differentiate between the sample categories but also revealed similarities between them. The research demonstrated that both methods could be used for the assessment of the volatile profiles of the products.
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issn 2077-0472
language English
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publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Agriculture
spelling doaj-art-e435c6a53a454e59838b5f99208d311b2025-08-20T02:12:38ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-02-0115333610.3390/agriculture15030336Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its AnaloguePiotr Borowik0Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska1Marcin Stocki2Heorhiy Hrynyk3Adam Okorski4Tomasz Pawłowicz5Rafał Tarakowski6Andrzej Orłowski7Tomasz Oszako8Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, PolandDepartment of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Heweliusza 6, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandInstitute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Ul. Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Białystok, PolandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Łódź Branch in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, University of Łódź, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 65/67, 97-200 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, PolandDepartment of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandInstitute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Ul. Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Białystok, PolandFaculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, PolandZakład Mleczarski w Lidzbarku Warmińskim, ul. Topolowa 1, 11-100 Lidzbark Warmiński, PolandForest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, PolandGouda-type cheese originated in the Netherlands, but is now produced all over the world. Analogue cheeses are cheese-like products with a lower price level that are based on non-dairy fats and proteins. The market demand for analogue cheese is currently also growing due to customers’ preference for low-fat foods. In this report, samples of Gouda-type cheese and its analogues produced by a dairy cooperative (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland) were used as the subject of analysis; their volatile profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, measurements were carried out using a low-cost electronic nose based on MOX sensors. The results showed a richer chemical composition of the cheese volatiles compared to the analogue product. The measurements with the electronic nose made it possible to differentiate between the sample categories but also revealed similarities between them. The research demonstrated that both methods could be used for the assessment of the volatile profiles of the products.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/3/336gas sensorapplication of e-noselow-cost electronic noseGC-MS analysis
spellingShingle Piotr Borowik
Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
Marcin Stocki
Heorhiy Hrynyk
Adam Okorski
Tomasz Pawłowicz
Rafał Tarakowski
Andrzej Orłowski
Tomasz Oszako
Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
Agriculture
gas sensor
application of e-nose
low-cost electronic nose
GC-MS analysis
title Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
title_full Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
title_fullStr Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
title_short Analysis of Volatile Profile of Polish Gouda-Type Cheese and Its Analogue
title_sort analysis of volatile profile of polish gouda type cheese and its analogue
topic gas sensor
application of e-nose
low-cost electronic nose
GC-MS analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/3/336
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