Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already been reported as a promising alternative to traditional energy sources due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, affordability, and versatility, which is particularly relevant considering the growing worldwide demand for energy and increasing scar...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Nanomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1085 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849733143669506048 |
|---|---|
| author | Syed Abdul Moiz Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh |
| author_facet | Syed Abdul Moiz Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh |
| author_sort | Syed Abdul Moiz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already been reported as a promising alternative to traditional energy sources due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, affordability, and versatility, which is particularly relevant considering the growing worldwide demand for energy and increasing scarcity of natural resources. However, operational concerns under environmental stresses hinder its economic feasibility. Through the addition of cesium (Cs), this study investigates how to optimize perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on methylammonium lead-iodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) by creating mixed-cation compositions of MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) for devices A to E, respectively. The impact of cesium content on the following factors, such as open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>), short-circuit current density (J<sub>sc</sub>), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), was investigated using simulation software, with ITO/TiO<sub>2</sub>/MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au as a device architecture. Due to diminished defect density, the device with x = 0.5 (MA<sub>0.5</sub>Cs<sub>0.5</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>) attains a maximum power conversion efficiency of 18.53%, with a V<sub>oc</sub> of 0.9238 V, J<sub>sc</sub> of 24.22 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and a fill factor of 82.81%. The optimal doping density of TiO<sub>2</sub> is approximately 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, while the optimal thicknesses of the electron transport layer (TiO<sub>2</sub>, 10–30 nm), the hole-transport layer (Spiro-OMeTAD, about 10–20 nm), and the perovskite absorber (750 nm) were identified to maximize efficiency. The inclusion of a small amount of Cs may improve photovoltaic responses; however, at elevated concentrations (x > 0.5), power conversion efficiency (PCE) diminished due to the presence of trap states. The results show that mixed-cation perovskite solar cells can be a great commercially viable option because they strike a good balance between efficiency and performance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e425c7888bdd4b9e893f003d3b634b34 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-e425c7888bdd4b9e893f003d3b634b342025-08-20T03:08:06ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-07-011514108510.3390/nano15141085Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar CellSyed Abdul Moiz0Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi1Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh2Device Simulation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDevice Simulation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDevice Simulation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already been reported as a promising alternative to traditional energy sources due to their excellent power conversion efficiency, affordability, and versatility, which is particularly relevant considering the growing worldwide demand for energy and increasing scarcity of natural resources. However, operational concerns under environmental stresses hinder its economic feasibility. Through the addition of cesium (Cs), this study investigates how to optimize perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on methylammonium lead-iodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) by creating mixed-cation compositions of MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) for devices A to E, respectively. The impact of cesium content on the following factors, such as open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>), short-circuit current density (J<sub>sc</sub>), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), was investigated using simulation software, with ITO/TiO<sub>2</sub>/MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au as a device architecture. Due to diminished defect density, the device with x = 0.5 (MA<sub>0.5</sub>Cs<sub>0.5</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>) attains a maximum power conversion efficiency of 18.53%, with a V<sub>oc</sub> of 0.9238 V, J<sub>sc</sub> of 24.22 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and a fill factor of 82.81%. The optimal doping density of TiO<sub>2</sub> is approximately 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, while the optimal thicknesses of the electron transport layer (TiO<sub>2</sub>, 10–30 nm), the hole-transport layer (Spiro-OMeTAD, about 10–20 nm), and the perovskite absorber (750 nm) were identified to maximize efficiency. The inclusion of a small amount of Cs may improve photovoltaic responses; however, at elevated concentrations (x > 0.5), power conversion efficiency (PCE) diminished due to the presence of trap states. The results show that mixed-cation perovskite solar cells can be a great commercially viable option because they strike a good balance between efficiency and performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1085solar cellperovskite solar cellmixed-cationMA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>caesiumpower conversion efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Syed Abdul Moiz Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi Mohammed Saleh Alshaikh Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell Nanomaterials solar cell perovskite solar cell mixed-cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> caesium power conversion efficiency |
| title | Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_full | Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_fullStr | Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_short | Design Optimization of Cesium Contents for Mixed Cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-Based Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_sort | design optimization of cesium contents for mixed cation ma sub 1 x sub cs sub x sub pbi sub 3 sub based efficient perovskite solar cell |
| topic | solar cell perovskite solar cell mixed-cation MA<sub>1−x</sub>Cs<sub>x</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> caesium power conversion efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1085 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT syedabdulmoiz designoptimizationofcesiumcontentsformixedcationmasub1xsubcssubxsubpbisub3subbasedefficientperovskitesolarcell AT ahmednmalahmadi designoptimizationofcesiumcontentsformixedcationmasub1xsubcssubxsubpbisub3subbasedefficientperovskitesolarcell AT mohammedsalehalshaikh designoptimizationofcesiumcontentsformixedcationmasub1xsubcssubxsubpbisub3subbasedefficientperovskitesolarcell |