A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E
Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses GNSS signals as signals of opportunity as a multistatic radar. Most GNSS-R instruments conduct 1 ms coherent integration, followed by 500 or 1000 incoherent averages, leading to level-1 products [delay Doppler map (DDM)]. For remote sens...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908653/ |
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| author | Changyang Wang Adriano Camps Xiuqing Hu Hyuk Park Kegen Yu Xiaochun Zhai Wenqiang Lu Feixiong Huang Mi Liao Peng Zhang Nanshan Zheng Kefei Zhang Zhongmin Ma |
| author_facet | Changyang Wang Adriano Camps Xiuqing Hu Hyuk Park Kegen Yu Xiaochun Zhai Wenqiang Lu Feixiong Huang Mi Liao Peng Zhang Nanshan Zheng Kefei Zhang Zhongmin Ma |
| author_sort | Changyang Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses GNSS signals as signals of opportunity as a multistatic radar. Most GNSS-R instruments conduct 1 ms coherent integration, followed by 500 or 1000 incoherent averages, leading to level-1 products [delay Doppler map (DDM)]. For remote sensing missions with higher spatio-temporal resolution requirements, raw data, and fewer incoherent averages are required for DDM computations. Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) GNSS Occultation Sounder II (GNOS-II) payload can acquire reflected signal's intermediate frequency (IF) raw data for specific areas, but there is no channel to record raw direct signals. Obtaining level-1 products DDM from raw data requires tracking the delay and Doppler frequency centroid coordinates, as they change during the incoherent integration time. Otherwise, the level-1 DDMs would appear blurring, which would result in wider DDMs and lower peaks. Besides, the geometry of transmitter-specular reflection point-receiver of GNOS-II is unobtainable, so classical algorithms cannot be used. Therefore, an innovative processing technique is presented, which can estimate the peak coordinates of all individual DDMs by appropriately grouping the individual DDMs and incoherently accumulating within each group. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with representative data from sea, ice, and soil. Furthermore, incoherent averaging DDMs at a temporal resolution of 200 ms can well detect the boundary between sea, ice, and soil in high-latitude and complex environments while maintaining high quality. This work is an important basis for future analysis of the raw data from GNOS-II and will also inspire other work of individual DDM tracking where geometric information is agnostic. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e41bbc571bae48708fed4313cc0bfaa4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1939-1404 2151-1535 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-e41bbc571bae48708fed4313cc0bfaa42025-08-20T03:42:19ZengIEEEIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing1939-14042151-15352025-01-01188040805610.1109/JSTARS.2025.354648310908653A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3EChangyang Wang0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-5240Adriano Camps1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-4992Xiuqing Hu2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-8676Hyuk Park3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-0802Kegen Yu4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-3073Xiaochun Zhai5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-7329Wenqiang Lu6Feixiong Huang7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-280XMi Liao8Peng Zhang9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-1389Nanshan Zheng10Kefei Zhang11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-1148Zhongmin Ma12https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2686-3149School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, ChinaCommSensLab, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, SpainNational Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, ChinaCommSensLab, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, SpainSchool of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, ChinaNational Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, ChinaNational Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, ChinaNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, ChinaCMA Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, ChinaSchool of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, ChinaCollege of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an, ChinaGlobal Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses GNSS signals as signals of opportunity as a multistatic radar. Most GNSS-R instruments conduct 1 ms coherent integration, followed by 500 or 1000 incoherent averages, leading to level-1 products [delay Doppler map (DDM)]. For remote sensing missions with higher spatio-temporal resolution requirements, raw data, and fewer incoherent averages are required for DDM computations. Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) GNSS Occultation Sounder II (GNOS-II) payload can acquire reflected signal's intermediate frequency (IF) raw data for specific areas, but there is no channel to record raw direct signals. Obtaining level-1 products DDM from raw data requires tracking the delay and Doppler frequency centroid coordinates, as they change during the incoherent integration time. Otherwise, the level-1 DDMs would appear blurring, which would result in wider DDMs and lower peaks. Besides, the geometry of transmitter-specular reflection point-receiver of GNOS-II is unobtainable, so classical algorithms cannot be used. Therefore, an innovative processing technique is presented, which can estimate the peak coordinates of all individual DDMs by appropriately grouping the individual DDMs and incoherently accumulating within each group. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with representative data from sea, ice, and soil. Furthermore, incoherent averaging DDMs at a temporal resolution of 200 ms can well detect the boundary between sea, ice, and soil in high-latitude and complex environments while maintaining high quality. This work is an important basis for future analysis of the raw data from GNOS-II and will also inspire other work of individual DDM tracking where geometric information is agnostic.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908653/Delay and Doppler maps (DDMS) trackingFengyun-3E (FY-3E)global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R)GNSS occultation sounder II (GNOS-II) |
| spellingShingle | Changyang Wang Adriano Camps Xiuqing Hu Hyuk Park Kegen Yu Xiaochun Zhai Wenqiang Lu Feixiong Huang Mi Liao Peng Zhang Nanshan Zheng Kefei Zhang Zhongmin Ma A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing Delay and Doppler maps (DDMS) tracking Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) GNSS occultation sounder II (GNOS-II) |
| title | A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E |
| title_full | A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E |
| title_short | A Novel Geometry Agnostic Delay and Doppler Tracking Technique for GNSS-Reflectometry: Application to the GNOS-II Payload Onboard the FY-3E |
| title_sort | novel geometry agnostic delay and doppler tracking technique for gnss reflectometry application to the gnos ii payload onboard the fy 3e |
| topic | Delay and Doppler maps (DDMS) tracking Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) GNSS occultation sounder II (GNOS-II) |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908653/ |
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