Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes?
This study aims to investigate the association between exposure to toxic indoor chemicals, specifically polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride (PGH), used in humidifier disinfectants, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We confirmed pregnancy...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| author | Hyowon Choi Nam-Yun Kim Nalai Kim Yeon-Soon Ahn |
| author_facet | Hyowon Choi Nam-Yun Kim Nalai Kim Yeon-Soon Ahn |
| author_sort | Hyowon Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aims to investigate the association between exposure to toxic indoor chemicals, specifically polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride (PGH), used in humidifier disinfectants, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We confirmed pregnancy from 2003 to 2017 and identified GDM by linking a cohort of claimants who reported exposure to PHMG/PGH with National Health Insurance Service data. The GDM incidence was calculated, and PHMG/PGH exposure characteristics—exposure status, the humidifier’s distance/location, and exposure duration/hours—were investigated. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were applied using asthma, frequently treated with steroids, as a mediator. Among 521 pregnancies, 38 were identified as GDM, with 2.4% before exposure and 8.9% after exposure. Pregnancies after exposure had a higher odds ratio (OR) for GDM (OR 2.968, 95% CI: 1.004–12.725). A trend of increased GDM risk was observed with longer exposure duration/hours. Additionally, pregnancies after exposure demonstrated total and direct effects on GDM (β = 0.0435, <i>p</i> = 0.036, β = 0.0432, <i>p</i> = 0.030) independent of the indirect effects by asthma. The incidence of GDM was higher after PHMG/PGH exposure compared to before. PHMG/PGH exposure was associated with GDM, independent of asthma. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings in exposed cohorts and to explore the underlying mechanisms. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e41b3e6787644b24b3bb0c82b1dd95f8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-e41b3e6787644b24b3bb0c82b1dd95f82025-08-20T02:43:43ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042024-11-01121284110.3390/toxics12120841Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes?Hyowon Choi0Nam-Yun Kim1Nalai Kim2Yeon-Soon Ahn3Department of Prevention Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Obstetric and Gynecology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Obstetric and Gynecology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Prevention Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of KoreaThis study aims to investigate the association between exposure to toxic indoor chemicals, specifically polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride (PGH), used in humidifier disinfectants, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We confirmed pregnancy from 2003 to 2017 and identified GDM by linking a cohort of claimants who reported exposure to PHMG/PGH with National Health Insurance Service data. The GDM incidence was calculated, and PHMG/PGH exposure characteristics—exposure status, the humidifier’s distance/location, and exposure duration/hours—were investigated. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were applied using asthma, frequently treated with steroids, as a mediator. Among 521 pregnancies, 38 were identified as GDM, with 2.4% before exposure and 8.9% after exposure. Pregnancies after exposure had a higher odds ratio (OR) for GDM (OR 2.968, 95% CI: 1.004–12.725). A trend of increased GDM risk was observed with longer exposure duration/hours. Additionally, pregnancies after exposure demonstrated total and direct effects on GDM (β = 0.0435, <i>p</i> = 0.036, β = 0.0432, <i>p</i> = 0.030) independent of the indirect effects by asthma. The incidence of GDM was higher after PHMG/PGH exposure compared to before. PHMG/PGH exposure was associated with GDM, independent of asthma. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings in exposed cohorts and to explore the underlying mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/12/841gestational diabetes mellituspolyhexamethylene guanidineoligo (2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloridehumidifier disinfectantmediation analysis |
| spellingShingle | Hyowon Choi Nam-Yun Kim Nalai Kim Yeon-Soon Ahn Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? Toxics gestational diabetes mellitus polyhexamethylene guanidine oligo (2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride humidifier disinfectant mediation analysis |
| title | Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? |
| title_full | Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? |
| title_fullStr | Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? |
| title_short | Is Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Oligo(2-(2-Ethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Guanidium Chloride Exposure Related to Gestational Diabetes? |
| title_sort | is polyhexamethylene guanidine and oligo 2 2 ethoxy ethoxyethyl guanidium chloride exposure related to gestational diabetes |
| topic | gestational diabetes mellitus polyhexamethylene guanidine oligo (2-(2-ethoxy) ethoxyethyl guanidinium) chloride humidifier disinfectant mediation analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/12/841 |
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