Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy

Abstract The standard treatment for various types of cancers typically involves the combination of concurrent localized radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. However, no treatment options have been reported that utilize chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy. In this study, we report a core-sa...

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Main Authors: Wenjing Xiao, Xiao Yang, Mengzhen Wang, Zeyu Jiang, Heyi Zhang, Mengqing Gong, Lin Zhao, Jibin Song, Qinrui Fu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Nanobiotechnology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03531-7
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author Wenjing Xiao
Xiao Yang
Mengzhen Wang
Zeyu Jiang
Heyi Zhang
Mengqing Gong
Lin Zhao
Jibin Song
Qinrui Fu
author_facet Wenjing Xiao
Xiao Yang
Mengzhen Wang
Zeyu Jiang
Heyi Zhang
Mengqing Gong
Lin Zhao
Jibin Song
Qinrui Fu
author_sort Wenjing Xiao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The standard treatment for various types of cancers typically involves the combination of concurrent localized radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. However, no treatment options have been reported that utilize chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy. In this study, we report a core-satellite nanomedicine designed to enhance radiotherapeutic effects through a cascade mechanism by triggering the release of a potent chemotherapeutic agent in response to trypsin. We synthesized a functional enzyme-sequential responsive nanomedicine, DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR, which consists of gelatin nanoparticles loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). These nanoparticles are covalently linked to gold nanorods (AuNR) via a caspase-3 specific DEVD peptide substrate. Upon trypsin activation, the DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR formulation releases DOX, thereby enhancing chemotherapy efficacy against tumors. Simultaneously, it activates caspase-3, inducing the aggregation of AuNRs, which in turn activates a near-infrared-II photoacoustic signal. This signal is crucial for determining the optimal timing for X-ray irradiation. The resulting large-size AuNRs aggregates promote their accumulation within tumors by preventing the migration and backflow of AuNRs, thereby improving radiotherapeutic effects. Consequently, when combined with image-guided X-ray irradiation, DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR induces significant cytotoxicity in cancer cells and effectively inhibits tumor growth. Our study underscores the potential application of enzyme catalysis-mediated chemistry in activating nanomedicine for activatable image-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy.
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spelling doaj-art-e4184f69a88247b8a244c54de6b713522025-08-20T02:39:47ZengBMCJournal of Nanobiotechnology1477-31552025-06-0123111310.1186/s12951-025-03531-7Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapyWenjing Xiao0Xiao Yang1Mengzhen Wang2Zeyu Jiang3Heyi Zhang4Mengqing Gong5Lin Zhao6Jibin Song7Qinrui Fu8Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao UniversityInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao UniversityState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyInstitute of Chronic Disease, College of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityAbstract The standard treatment for various types of cancers typically involves the combination of concurrent localized radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. However, no treatment options have been reported that utilize chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy. In this study, we report a core-satellite nanomedicine designed to enhance radiotherapeutic effects through a cascade mechanism by triggering the release of a potent chemotherapeutic agent in response to trypsin. We synthesized a functional enzyme-sequential responsive nanomedicine, DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR, which consists of gelatin nanoparticles loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). These nanoparticles are covalently linked to gold nanorods (AuNR) via a caspase-3 specific DEVD peptide substrate. Upon trypsin activation, the DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR formulation releases DOX, thereby enhancing chemotherapy efficacy against tumors. Simultaneously, it activates caspase-3, inducing the aggregation of AuNRs, which in turn activates a near-infrared-II photoacoustic signal. This signal is crucial for determining the optimal timing for X-ray irradiation. The resulting large-size AuNRs aggregates promote their accumulation within tumors by preventing the migration and backflow of AuNRs, thereby improving radiotherapeutic effects. Consequently, when combined with image-guided X-ray irradiation, DOX@Gel-DEVD-AuNR induces significant cytotoxicity in cancer cells and effectively inhibits tumor growth. Our study underscores the potential application of enzyme catalysis-mediated chemistry in activating nanomedicine for activatable image-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03531-7Activatable NIR-II photoacoustic imagingEnzyme-sequential responsive nanomedicineChemotherapyRadiotherapyCascade therapy
spellingShingle Wenjing Xiao
Xiao Yang
Mengzhen Wang
Zeyu Jiang
Heyi Zhang
Mengqing Gong
Lin Zhao
Jibin Song
Qinrui Fu
Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
Journal of Nanobiotechnology
Activatable NIR-II photoacoustic imaging
Enzyme-sequential responsive nanomedicine
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Cascade therapy
title Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
title_full Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
title_fullStr Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
title_full_unstemmed Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
title_short Enzyme-sequential responsive core-satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near-infrared-II photoacoustic imaging-guided chemotherapy cascade-enhanced radiotherapy
title_sort enzyme sequential responsive core satellite nanomedicine enables activatable near infrared ii photoacoustic imaging guided chemotherapy cascade enhanced radiotherapy
topic Activatable NIR-II photoacoustic imaging
Enzyme-sequential responsive nanomedicine
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Cascade therapy
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03531-7
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