Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi‐country outbreak in mid‐2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory‐confirmed Mpox case...

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Main Authors: Mohsen Nakhaie, Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Niloofar Farsiu, Davood Bashash, Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani, Nasir Arefinia, Javad Charostad, Mohammad Zarei, Farzane Behnezhad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-02-01
Series:Health Science Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70464
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author Mohsen Nakhaie
Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
Niloofar Farsiu
Davood Bashash
Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani
Nasir Arefinia
Javad Charostad
Mohammad Zarei
Farzane Behnezhad
author_facet Mohsen Nakhaie
Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
Niloofar Farsiu
Davood Bashash
Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani
Nasir Arefinia
Javad Charostad
Mohammad Zarei
Farzane Behnezhad
author_sort Mohsen Nakhaie
collection DOAJ
description ABSTRACT Background and Aims Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi‐country outbreak in mid‐2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory‐confirmed Mpox cases and 236 fatalities worldwide from January 1, 2022, to September 30, 2024. This narrative review aims to evaluate the co‐infections of Mpox with various viral agents and assess their implications for public health. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding Mpox co‐infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2, varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Results We analyzed epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, preventive measures, treatment guidelines, and advanced diagnostic methodologies. The review highlights the intricate dynamics of Mpox co‐infections and underscores the necessity for comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including viral load assays, to evaluate active co‐infections, particularly for HIV and HBV. Conclusion Understanding the interplay between MPXV and other viral pathogens is crucial for enhancing management strategies for co‐infections. By addressing these complexities, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the public health implications of Mpox co‐infections and improve response strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-e3ffbe6d6efd4846988ed1b06b3817912025-08-20T02:55:06ZengWileyHealth Science Reports2398-88352025-02-0182n/an/a10.1002/hsr2.70464Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative ReviewMohsen Nakhaie0Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd1Niloofar Farsiu2Davood Bashash3Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani4Nasir Arefinia5Javad Charostad6Mohammad Zarei7Farzane Behnezhad8Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman IranGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman IranGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman IranDepartment of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran IranGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman IranStudent Research Committee Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft IranDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd IranRenal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USADepartment of virology, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran IranABSTRACT Background and Aims Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi‐country outbreak in mid‐2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory‐confirmed Mpox cases and 236 fatalities worldwide from January 1, 2022, to September 30, 2024. This narrative review aims to evaluate the co‐infections of Mpox with various viral agents and assess their implications for public health. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding Mpox co‐infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2, varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Results We analyzed epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, preventive measures, treatment guidelines, and advanced diagnostic methodologies. The review highlights the intricate dynamics of Mpox co‐infections and underscores the necessity for comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including viral load assays, to evaluate active co‐infections, particularly for HIV and HBV. Conclusion Understanding the interplay between MPXV and other viral pathogens is crucial for enhancing management strategies for co‐infections. By addressing these complexities, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the public health implications of Mpox co‐infections and improve response strategies.https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70464Co‐infectionHerpesviridaeHuman Immunodeficiency VirusMonkeypoxSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2Viral hepatitis
spellingShingle Mohsen Nakhaie
Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
Niloofar Farsiu
Davood Bashash
Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani
Nasir Arefinia
Javad Charostad
Mohammad Zarei
Farzane Behnezhad
Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
Health Science Reports
Co‐infection
Herpesviridae
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Monkeypox
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Viral hepatitis
title Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
title_full Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
title_short Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review
title_sort mpox and viral co infections a narrative review
topic Co‐infection
Herpesviridae
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Monkeypox
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Viral hepatitis
url https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70464
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