Mpox and Viral Co‐Infections: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi‐country outbreak in mid‐2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory‐confirmed Mpox case...

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Main Authors: Mohsen Nakhaie, Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Niloofar Farsiu, Davood Bashash, Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani, Nasir Arefinia, Javad Charostad, Mohammad Zarei, Farzane Behnezhad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-02-01
Series:Health Science Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70464
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Summary:ABSTRACT Background and Aims Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi‐country outbreak in mid‐2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory‐confirmed Mpox cases and 236 fatalities worldwide from January 1, 2022, to September 30, 2024. This narrative review aims to evaluate the co‐infections of Mpox with various viral agents and assess their implications for public health. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding Mpox co‐infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2, varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Results We analyzed epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, preventive measures, treatment guidelines, and advanced diagnostic methodologies. The review highlights the intricate dynamics of Mpox co‐infections and underscores the necessity for comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including viral load assays, to evaluate active co‐infections, particularly for HIV and HBV. Conclusion Understanding the interplay between MPXV and other viral pathogens is crucial for enhancing management strategies for co‐infections. By addressing these complexities, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the public health implications of Mpox co‐infections and improve response strategies.
ISSN:2398-8835