Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling
Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) are a highly heterogeneous subclass of core-collapse supernovae, spectroscopically characterized by signatures of interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we systematically model the light curves of 142 archival SNe IIn using the Modular Open Source Fi...
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adce03 |
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| author | C. L. Ransome V. A. Villar |
| author_facet | C. L. Ransome V. A. Villar |
| author_sort | C. L. Ransome |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) are a highly heterogeneous subclass of core-collapse supernovae, spectroscopically characterized by signatures of interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we systematically model the light curves of 142 archival SNe IIn using the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients. We find that the observed and inferred properties of SN IIn are diverse, but there are some trends. The typical supernova CSM is dense (∼10 ^−12 g cm ^−3 ) with highly diverse CSM geometry, with a median CSM mass of ∼1 M _⊙ . The ejecta are typically massive (≳10 M _⊙ ), suggesting massive progenitor systems. We find positive correlations between the CSM mass and the rise and fall times of SNe IIn. Furthermore, there are positive correlations between the rise time and fall times and the r -band luminosity. We estimate the mass-loss rates of our sample (where spectroscopy is available) and find a high median mass-loss rate of ∼10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , with a range between 10 ^−3 and 1 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . These mass-loss rates are most similar to the mass loss from great eruptions of luminous blue variables, consistent with the direct progenitor detections in the literature. We also discuss the role that binary interactions may play, concluding that at least some of our SNe IIn may be from massive binary systems. Finally, we estimate a detection rate of 1.6 × 10 ^5 yr ^−1 in the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e3f2f1a44c9e458c9fa9d89826cd6ecc2025-08-20T02:10:28ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198711310.3847/1538-4357/adce03Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve ModelingC. L. Ransome0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-4960V. A. Villar1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-4061Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , USAType IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) are a highly heterogeneous subclass of core-collapse supernovae, spectroscopically characterized by signatures of interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we systematically model the light curves of 142 archival SNe IIn using the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients. We find that the observed and inferred properties of SN IIn are diverse, but there are some trends. The typical supernova CSM is dense (∼10 ^−12 g cm ^−3 ) with highly diverse CSM geometry, with a median CSM mass of ∼1 M _⊙ . The ejecta are typically massive (≳10 M _⊙ ), suggesting massive progenitor systems. We find positive correlations between the CSM mass and the rise and fall times of SNe IIn. Furthermore, there are positive correlations between the rise time and fall times and the r -band luminosity. We estimate the mass-loss rates of our sample (where spectroscopy is available) and find a high median mass-loss rate of ∼10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , with a range between 10 ^−3 and 1 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . These mass-loss rates are most similar to the mass loss from great eruptions of luminous blue variables, consistent with the direct progenitor detections in the literature. We also discuss the role that binary interactions may play, concluding that at least some of our SNe IIn may be from massive binary systems. Finally, we estimate a detection rate of 1.6 × 10 ^5 yr ^−1 in the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adce03SupernovaeCore-collapse supernovaeLight curvesAstronomy data modelingStellar mass loss |
| spellingShingle | C. L. Ransome V. A. Villar Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling The Astrophysical Journal Supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Light curves Astronomy data modeling Stellar mass loss |
| title | Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling |
| title_full | Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling |
| title_fullStr | Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling |
| title_short | Unveiling the Diversity of Type IIn Supernovae via Systematic Light-curve Modeling |
| title_sort | unveiling the diversity of type iin supernovae via systematic light curve modeling |
| topic | Supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Light curves Astronomy data modeling Stellar mass loss |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adce03 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT clransome unveilingthediversityoftypeiinsupernovaeviasystematiclightcurvemodeling AT vavillar unveilingthediversityoftypeiinsupernovaeviasystematiclightcurvemodeling |