Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Abstract Background This study evaluated the effects of three surface treatments—concentrated H2SO4, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and their combination—on the shear bond strengths between polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods PEEK specim...
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2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06305-7 |
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| author | Yongcheng Ge Ting Zhao Sizheng Fan Pengyuan Liu Xiaoqiu Liu |
| author_facet | Yongcheng Ge Ting Zhao Sizheng Fan Pengyuan Liu Xiaoqiu Liu |
| author_sort | Yongcheng Ge |
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| description | Abstract Background This study evaluated the effects of three surface treatments—concentrated H2SO4, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and their combination—on the shear bond strengths between polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods PEEK specimens (n = 160) were randomly assigned to composite resin and PMMA groups, each of which was subdivided into normal and aging groups (n = 40), each comprising samples that were pristine (untreated) or treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), NaBH4, or concentrated H2SO4 or sequentially treated with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 (n = 8). The shear bond strength (SBS) of the normal and aged specimens were measured. For the normal and treated specimens, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the chemical bond modifications were investigated using X-ray photoelectron and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies (XPS and ATR-FTIR, respectively), the mechanical strengths were measured using three-point bending tests, and the cytotoxicities were evaluated using cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results NaBH4 etched the PEEK surface, generating a fibrous texture, while concentrated H2SO4 produced a surface possessing variously sized pores. Sequential treatment with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 produced dense, permeating pores. XPS confirmed that NaBH4 reduced carbonyl groups to hydroxyl groups on the PEEK surface. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the silane coupling agent grafted onto the PEEK surface, forming Si–O–C bonds. NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 both strengthened the shear bonding between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA (P < 0.05). The specimens sequentially treated with NaBH4 and 98% concentrated H2SO4 possessed the strongest shear bonding (P < 0.05). The aged specimens sequentially treated with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 retained very strong shear bonds. CCK-8 cytotoxicity assays and DAPI staining confirmed that these surface treatments meet oral biocompatibility standards. Conclusion NaBH4 introduced chemical bonds to the PEEK surface, while concentrated-H2SO4-induced sulfonation enhanced the micromechanical interlocking between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA. These combined physicochemical modifications significantly strengthened the adhesion between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA and effectively strengthened PEEK’s bonding. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e3e22bb3c4974ad695eecbe5b77d3a01 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1472-6831 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-e3e22bb3c4974ad695eecbe5b77d3a012025-08-20T03:10:35ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312025-06-0125111810.1186/s12903-025-06305-7Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate)Yongcheng Ge0Ting Zhao1Sizheng Fan2Pengyuan Liu3Xiaoqiu Liu4Department of Geriatric Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityDepartment of Geriatric Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityDepartment of Geriatric Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityDepartment of Geriatric Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityAbstract Background This study evaluated the effects of three surface treatments—concentrated H2SO4, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and their combination—on the shear bond strengths between polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods PEEK specimens (n = 160) were randomly assigned to composite resin and PMMA groups, each of which was subdivided into normal and aging groups (n = 40), each comprising samples that were pristine (untreated) or treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), NaBH4, or concentrated H2SO4 or sequentially treated with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 (n = 8). The shear bond strength (SBS) of the normal and aged specimens were measured. For the normal and treated specimens, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the chemical bond modifications were investigated using X-ray photoelectron and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies (XPS and ATR-FTIR, respectively), the mechanical strengths were measured using three-point bending tests, and the cytotoxicities were evaluated using cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results NaBH4 etched the PEEK surface, generating a fibrous texture, while concentrated H2SO4 produced a surface possessing variously sized pores. Sequential treatment with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 produced dense, permeating pores. XPS confirmed that NaBH4 reduced carbonyl groups to hydroxyl groups on the PEEK surface. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the silane coupling agent grafted onto the PEEK surface, forming Si–O–C bonds. NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 both strengthened the shear bonding between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA (P < 0.05). The specimens sequentially treated with NaBH4 and 98% concentrated H2SO4 possessed the strongest shear bonding (P < 0.05). The aged specimens sequentially treated with NaBH4 and concentrated H2SO4 retained very strong shear bonds. CCK-8 cytotoxicity assays and DAPI staining confirmed that these surface treatments meet oral biocompatibility standards. Conclusion NaBH4 introduced chemical bonds to the PEEK surface, while concentrated-H2SO4-induced sulfonation enhanced the micromechanical interlocking between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA. These combined physicochemical modifications significantly strengthened the adhesion between the PEEK and both the composite resins and PMMA and effectively strengthened PEEK’s bonding.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06305-7Polyether ether ketoneComposite resinPoly(methyl methacrylate)SulfonationSOdium BorohydrideShear bond strength |
| spellingShingle | Yongcheng Ge Ting Zhao Sizheng Fan Pengyuan Liu Xiaoqiu Liu Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) BMC Oral Health Polyether ether ketone Composite resin Poly(methyl methacrylate) Sulfonation SOdium Borohydride Shear bond strength |
| title | Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| title_full | Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| title_short | Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| title_sort | effects of surface treatments on the adhesion strengths between polyether ether ketone and both composite resins and poly methyl methacrylate |
| topic | Polyether ether ketone Composite resin Poly(methyl methacrylate) Sulfonation SOdium Borohydride Shear bond strength |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06305-7 |
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