Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation

Liver transplantation (LT) is a primary treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, post-transplantation immune regulation is critical to graft survival and long-term patient outcomes. Following liver transplantation, the recipient’s immune system mounts a response against t...

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Main Authors: Tianyi Lan, Gang Wu, Bangyou Zuo, Jingming Yang, Pan He, Yu Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1602877/full
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author Tianyi Lan
Tianyi Lan
Gang Wu
Gang Wu
Bangyou Zuo
Jingming Yang
Jingming Yang
Pan He
Pan He
Yu Zhang
Yu Zhang
author_facet Tianyi Lan
Tianyi Lan
Gang Wu
Gang Wu
Bangyou Zuo
Jingming Yang
Jingming Yang
Pan He
Pan He
Yu Zhang
Yu Zhang
author_sort Tianyi Lan
collection DOAJ
description Liver transplantation (LT) is a primary treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, post-transplantation immune regulation is critical to graft survival and long-term patient outcomes. Following liver transplantation, the recipient’s immune system mounts a response against the graft, while the graft promotes anti-rejection immune reactions and the establishment of immune tolerance. In recent years, advances in the study of the immune microenvironment have provided new insights into post-transplantation immune regulation. Meanwhile, immunotherapy strategies have opened new possibilities for improving transplantation success rates and long-term survival. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy following liver transplantation, focusing on key components of the transplant immune microenvironment, their regulatory networks and mechanisms, major immunosuppressive strategies, emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, and current challenges. The aim was to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing clinical practice.
format Article
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Immunology
spelling doaj-art-e3d5f6e6f9eb42b7bbd34d5a62c8030e2025-08-20T03:09:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16028771602877Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantationTianyi Lan0Tianyi Lan1Gang Wu2Gang Wu3Bangyou Zuo4Jingming Yang5Jingming Yang6Pan He7Pan He8Yu Zhang9Yu Zhang10Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaSchool of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaSchool of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaSouthwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaSchool of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaSchool of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaLiver transplantation (LT) is a primary treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, post-transplantation immune regulation is critical to graft survival and long-term patient outcomes. Following liver transplantation, the recipient’s immune system mounts a response against the graft, while the graft promotes anti-rejection immune reactions and the establishment of immune tolerance. In recent years, advances in the study of the immune microenvironment have provided new insights into post-transplantation immune regulation. Meanwhile, immunotherapy strategies have opened new possibilities for improving transplantation success rates and long-term survival. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy following liver transplantation, focusing on key components of the transplant immune microenvironment, their regulatory networks and mechanisms, major immunosuppressive strategies, emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, and current challenges. The aim was to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing clinical practice.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1602877/fullend-stage liver diseaseliver transplantationimmune microenvironmentimmune regulationimmunotherapy
spellingShingle Tianyi Lan
Tianyi Lan
Gang Wu
Gang Wu
Bangyou Zuo
Jingming Yang
Jingming Yang
Pan He
Pan He
Yu Zhang
Yu Zhang
Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
Frontiers in Immunology
end-stage liver disease
liver transplantation
immune microenvironment
immune regulation
immunotherapy
title Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
title_full Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
title_fullStr Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
title_full_unstemmed Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
title_short Regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
title_sort regulation of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy after liver transplantation
topic end-stage liver disease
liver transplantation
immune microenvironment
immune regulation
immunotherapy
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1602877/full
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