Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective

Accurate diagnostics of crop yields are essential for climate-resilient agricultural planning; however, conventional datasets often conflate environmental covariates during model training. Here, we present HHHWheatYield1km, a 1 km resolution winter wheat yield dataset for China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plai...

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Main Authors: Yachao Zhao, Xin Du, Qiangzi Li, Yuan Zhang, Hongyan Wang, Yunzheng Wang, Jingyuan Xu, Jing Xiao, Yunqi Shen, Yong Dong, Haoxuan Hu, Sifeng Yan, Shuguang Gong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/8/1409
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author Yachao Zhao
Xin Du
Qiangzi Li
Yuan Zhang
Hongyan Wang
Yunzheng Wang
Jingyuan Xu
Jing Xiao
Yunqi Shen
Yong Dong
Haoxuan Hu
Sifeng Yan
Shuguang Gong
author_facet Yachao Zhao
Xin Du
Qiangzi Li
Yuan Zhang
Hongyan Wang
Yunzheng Wang
Jingyuan Xu
Jing Xiao
Yunqi Shen
Yong Dong
Haoxuan Hu
Sifeng Yan
Shuguang Gong
author_sort Yachao Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Accurate diagnostics of crop yields are essential for climate-resilient agricultural planning; however, conventional datasets often conflate environmental covariates during model training. Here, we present HHHWheatYield1km, a 1 km resolution winter wheat yield dataset for China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain spanning 2000–2019. By integrating climate-independent multi-source remote sensing metrics with a Random Forest model, calibrated against municipal statistical yearbooks, the dataset exhibits strong agreement with county-level records (R = 0.90, RMSE = 542.47 kg/ha, MRE = 9.09%), ensuring independence from climatic influences for robust driver analysis. Using Geodetector, we reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in climate–yield interactions, highlighting distinct regional disparities: precipitation variability exerts the strongest constraints on yields in Henan and Anhui, whereas Shandong and Jiangsu exhibit weaker climatic dependencies. In Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, March temperature emerges as a critical determinant of yield variability. These findings underscore the need for tailored adaptation strategies, such as enhancing water-use efficiency in inland provinces and optimizing agronomic practices in coastal regions. With its dual ability to resolve pixel-scale yield dynamics and disentangle climatic drivers, HHHWheatYield1km represents a resource for precision agriculture and evidence-based policymaking in the face of a changing climate.
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spelling doaj-art-e3b53eff71574aeaba61b833b0fddb052025-08-20T02:28:20ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-04-01178140910.3390/rs17081409Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent PerspectiveYachao Zhao0Xin Du1Qiangzi Li2Yuan Zhang3Hongyan Wang4Yunzheng Wang5Jingyuan Xu6Jing Xiao7Yunqi Shen8Yong Dong9Haoxuan Hu10Sifeng Yan11Shuguang Gong12Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAccurate diagnostics of crop yields are essential for climate-resilient agricultural planning; however, conventional datasets often conflate environmental covariates during model training. Here, we present HHHWheatYield1km, a 1 km resolution winter wheat yield dataset for China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain spanning 2000–2019. By integrating climate-independent multi-source remote sensing metrics with a Random Forest model, calibrated against municipal statistical yearbooks, the dataset exhibits strong agreement with county-level records (R = 0.90, RMSE = 542.47 kg/ha, MRE = 9.09%), ensuring independence from climatic influences for robust driver analysis. Using Geodetector, we reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in climate–yield interactions, highlighting distinct regional disparities: precipitation variability exerts the strongest constraints on yields in Henan and Anhui, whereas Shandong and Jiangsu exhibit weaker climatic dependencies. In Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, March temperature emerges as a critical determinant of yield variability. These findings underscore the need for tailored adaptation strategies, such as enhancing water-use efficiency in inland provinces and optimizing agronomic practices in coastal regions. With its dual ability to resolve pixel-scale yield dynamics and disentangle climatic drivers, HHHWheatYield1km represents a resource for precision agriculture and evidence-based policymaking in the face of a changing climate.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/8/1409winter wheat yieldremote sensingGeodetectorHuang-Huai-Hai Plain
spellingShingle Yachao Zhao
Xin Du
Qiangzi Li
Yuan Zhang
Hongyan Wang
Yunzheng Wang
Jingyuan Xu
Jing Xiao
Yunqi Shen
Yong Dong
Haoxuan Hu
Sifeng Yan
Shuguang Gong
Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
Remote Sensing
winter wheat yield
remote sensing
Geodetector
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
title Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
title_full Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
title_fullStr Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
title_full_unstemmed Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
title_short Mapping and Analyzing Winter Wheat Yields in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: A Climate-Independent Perspective
title_sort mapping and analyzing winter wheat yields in the huang huai hai plain a climate independent perspective
topic winter wheat yield
remote sensing
Geodetector
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/8/1409
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