Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Background: Central nervous system autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS), are chronic conditions where cytokines contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation. The diagnosis, progression, and treatment effectiveness of MS are assessed through laboratory tests and clinical e...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Sawsan I. Khdair Mohammed Waleed Alaa M. Hammad Lubna Al-Khareisha Tariq Jaber Majd Ayash Frank Scott Hall |
| author_facet | Sawsan I. Khdair Mohammed Waleed Alaa M. Hammad Lubna Al-Khareisha Tariq Jaber Majd Ayash Frank Scott Hall |
| author_sort | Sawsan I. Khdair |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Central nervous system autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS), are chronic conditions where cytokines contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation. The diagnosis, progression, and treatment effectiveness of MS are assessed through laboratory tests and clinical evaluation, as well as imaging. Method: This study included 40 healthy individuals as a control group and 75 MS patients, divided into two groups: 45 MS patients receiving fingolimod treatment (MSW) and 30 patients taking other medications (MSOs). Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from all participants, and the mRNA relative expression of cytokine genes (<i>IL-1β</i>, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i>) was measured. Additionally, MRI images of MS patients undergoing fingolimod or other treatments were analyzed. Results: The MSO patient group displayed higher mRNA expressions of <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i> compared to the control group. Furthermore, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i> expressions were elevated in the MSO group compared to the MSW group. MRI scans showed significant improvement in MS patients taking fingolimod compared to those receiving other medications. Conclusions: Fingolimod demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving MS patients’ conditions, possibly due to its impact on cytokine expression. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e39db2247be84f28a89691b9a818df37 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj-art-e39db2247be84f28a89691b9a818df372025-08-20T03:27:21ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292025-05-0115685910.3390/life15060859Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple SclerosisSawsan I. Khdair0Mohammed Waleed1Alaa M. Hammad2Lubna Al-Khareisha3Tariq Jaber4Majd Ayash5Frank Scott Hall6Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, JordanFaculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, JordanFaculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, JordanDepartment of Pharmacy, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, JordanDepartment of Neurosurgery, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, JordanDepartment of Neurosurgery, Al-Bashir Hospital, Ashrafeya, P.O. Box 10005, Amman 11151, JordanDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USABackground: Central nervous system autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS), are chronic conditions where cytokines contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation. The diagnosis, progression, and treatment effectiveness of MS are assessed through laboratory tests and clinical evaluation, as well as imaging. Method: This study included 40 healthy individuals as a control group and 75 MS patients, divided into two groups: 45 MS patients receiving fingolimod treatment (MSW) and 30 patients taking other medications (MSOs). Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from all participants, and the mRNA relative expression of cytokine genes (<i>IL-1β</i>, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i>) was measured. Additionally, MRI images of MS patients undergoing fingolimod or other treatments were analyzed. Results: The MSO patient group displayed higher mRNA expressions of <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i> compared to the control group. Furthermore, <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>INF-γ</i> expressions were elevated in the MSO group compared to the MSW group. MRI scans showed significant improvement in MS patients taking fingolimod compared to those receiving other medications. Conclusions: Fingolimod demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving MS patients’ conditions, possibly due to its impact on cytokine expression.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/859cytokinesfingolimodmultiple sclerosisJordaniansMRIrelative gene expression |
| spellingShingle | Sawsan I. Khdair Mohammed Waleed Alaa M. Hammad Lubna Al-Khareisha Tariq Jaber Majd Ayash Frank Scott Hall Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Life cytokines fingolimod multiple sclerosis Jordanians MRI relative gene expression |
| title | Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full | Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_short | Cytokine Gene Expression and Treatment Impact on MRI Outcomes in Jordanian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_sort | cytokine gene expression and treatment impact on mri outcomes in jordanian patients with multiple sclerosis |
| topic | cytokines fingolimod multiple sclerosis Jordanians MRI relative gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/859 |
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