Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control
Background: Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) are an innovative vector control strategy based on the “attract-and-kill” principle. The core of ATSBs lies in the preparation of attractive and toxic baits through the mixing and proportioning of luring and active ingredients. Although previous studi...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/3/258 |
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| author | Ruixiang Zhang Teng Zhao Dan Xing Xinyu Zhou Haotian Yu Dongfen Geng Zhihua Fan Kai Wang Xinan Huang Chunxiao Li |
| author_facet | Ruixiang Zhang Teng Zhao Dan Xing Xinyu Zhou Haotian Yu Dongfen Geng Zhihua Fan Kai Wang Xinan Huang Chunxiao Li |
| author_sort | Ruixiang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) are an innovative vector control strategy based on the “attract-and-kill” principle. The core of ATSBs lies in the preparation of attractive and toxic baits through the mixing and proportioning of luring and active ingredients. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of ATSBs on mosquitoes, significant challenges remain for broader field application. Methods: This study evaluated five fruit juices as ATSBs for mosquitoes, focusing on feeding preferences. Preservative concentrations were assessed by measuring antimicrobial activity over time. Two commercial traps were tested for mosquito entry rates. The optimal insecticide species and concentration were determined based on mortality rates. An optimized ATSBs system was developed and tested under a semi-field cage. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. Results: Within 24 h, apple juice-based ATSBs had the highest attractant index for <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>Anopheles sinensis</i>, while a pear juice-based ATSB was most effective for <i>Aedes albopictus</i>. A 0.1% preservative concentration best maintained juice stability. The LC50 values of dinotefuran-based ATSBs for <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, and <i>An. sinensis</i> were 1.18 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, 4.06 × 10<sup>−4</sup>, and 5.20 × 10<sup>−5</sup> g/L, respectively. The <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> trap outperformed the <i>Drosophilidae</i> trap. Simulated semi-field cage tests showed 48 h mortality rates of 86.00% for <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> and 95.67% for <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Conclusion: This study optimized an ATSB system by screening various fruit juices, preservative concentrations, insecticides, and trap devices. The system’s efficacy in mosquito control was evaluated under a semi-field cage. These findings provide a strong foundation for the future application and refinement of ATSB-based mosquito control strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e32aa2a41467407da87c6c5a6d16496f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj-art-e32aa2a41467407da87c6c5a6d16496f2025-08-20T03:43:34ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502025-03-0116325810.3390/insects16030258Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito ControlRuixiang Zhang0Teng Zhao1Dan Xing2Xinyu Zhou3Haotian Yu4Dongfen Geng5Zhihua Fan6Kai Wang7Xinan Huang8Chunxiao Li9Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaArtemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, ChinaBackground: Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) are an innovative vector control strategy based on the “attract-and-kill” principle. The core of ATSBs lies in the preparation of attractive and toxic baits through the mixing and proportioning of luring and active ingredients. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of ATSBs on mosquitoes, significant challenges remain for broader field application. Methods: This study evaluated five fruit juices as ATSBs for mosquitoes, focusing on feeding preferences. Preservative concentrations were assessed by measuring antimicrobial activity over time. Two commercial traps were tested for mosquito entry rates. The optimal insecticide species and concentration were determined based on mortality rates. An optimized ATSBs system was developed and tested under a semi-field cage. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. Results: Within 24 h, apple juice-based ATSBs had the highest attractant index for <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>Anopheles sinensis</i>, while a pear juice-based ATSB was most effective for <i>Aedes albopictus</i>. A 0.1% preservative concentration best maintained juice stability. The LC50 values of dinotefuran-based ATSBs for <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, and <i>An. sinensis</i> were 1.18 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, 4.06 × 10<sup>−4</sup>, and 5.20 × 10<sup>−5</sup> g/L, respectively. The <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> trap outperformed the <i>Drosophilidae</i> trap. Simulated semi-field cage tests showed 48 h mortality rates of 86.00% for <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> and 95.67% for <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Conclusion: This study optimized an ATSB system by screening various fruit juices, preservative concentrations, insecticides, and trap devices. The system’s efficacy in mosquito control was evaluated under a semi-field cage. These findings provide a strong foundation for the future application and refinement of ATSB-based mosquito control strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/3/258ATSBattractantsinsecticidespreservativemosquito control |
| spellingShingle | Ruixiang Zhang Teng Zhao Dan Xing Xinyu Zhou Haotian Yu Dongfen Geng Zhihua Fan Kai Wang Xinan Huang Chunxiao Li Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control Insects ATSB attractants insecticides preservative mosquito control |
| title | Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control |
| title_full | Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control |
| title_fullStr | Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control |
| title_short | Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control |
| title_sort | development of attractive toxic sugar baits atsbs system and its effectiveness in mosquito control |
| topic | ATSB attractants insecticides preservative mosquito control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/3/258 |
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