The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite
The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-02). The HEPD-02’s main purpose is to characterize the particle environment in the Earth’s vicinity, identifying sudden changes in the fluxes and correlating them with so...
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2024-10-01
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| author | Simona Bartocci Roberto Battiston Stefania Beolè Franco Benotto Piero Cipollone Silvia Coli Andrea Contin Marco Cristoforetti Cinzia De Donato Cristian De Santis Andrea Di Luca Floarea Dumitrache Francesco Maria Follega Simone Garrafa Botta Giuseppe Gebbia Roberto Iuppa Alessandro Lega Mauro Lolli Giuseppe Masciantonio Matteo Mergè Marco Mese Riccardo Nicolaidis Francesco Nozzoli Alberto Oliva Giuseppe Osteria Francesco Palma Federico Palmonari Beatrice Panico Stefania Perciballi Francesco Perfetto Piergiorgio Picozza Michele Pozzato Ester Ricci Marco Ricci Sergio Bruno Ricciarini Zouleikha Sahnoun Umberto Savino Valentina Scotti Enrico Serra Alessandro Sotgiu Roberta Sparvoli Pietro Ubertini Veronica Vilona Simona Zoffoli Paolo Zuccon |
| author_facet | Simona Bartocci Roberto Battiston Stefania Beolè Franco Benotto Piero Cipollone Silvia Coli Andrea Contin Marco Cristoforetti Cinzia De Donato Cristian De Santis Andrea Di Luca Floarea Dumitrache Francesco Maria Follega Simone Garrafa Botta Giuseppe Gebbia Roberto Iuppa Alessandro Lega Mauro Lolli Giuseppe Masciantonio Matteo Mergè Marco Mese Riccardo Nicolaidis Francesco Nozzoli Alberto Oliva Giuseppe Osteria Francesco Palma Federico Palmonari Beatrice Panico Stefania Perciballi Francesco Perfetto Piergiorgio Picozza Michele Pozzato Ester Ricci Marco Ricci Sergio Bruno Ricciarini Zouleikha Sahnoun Umberto Savino Valentina Scotti Enrico Serra Alessandro Sotgiu Roberta Sparvoli Pietro Ubertini Veronica Vilona Simona Zoffoli Paolo Zuccon |
| author_sort | Simona Bartocci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-02). The HEPD-02’s main purpose is to characterize the particle environment in the Earth’s vicinity, identifying sudden changes in the fluxes and correlating them with solar and terrestrial phenomena. Additionally, HEPD-02 also has capabilities in detecting Gamma-Ray Bursts. At the core of HEPD-02, a tower of scintillation counters made of plastic and LYSO crystals is able to recognize electrons in the range between 3 and 100 MeV, protons and nuclei between 30 and 200 MeV/n. Plastic scintillators covering the calorimeter on five sides allow to reject particles entering from the top and not completely absorbed within its volume. In this work, the design of the HEPD-02 is reviewed in comparison to its predecessor, HEPD-01, highlighting the innovations of the new design. The design of each scintillation counter type has been fully validated through a campaign of prototype realization, testing, and characterization. The production of the scintillation counters, including the PMT selection process, is also discussed. Finally, the performance of the counters is compared with simulations, showing an agreement of within 20% with the expected performance, thereby meeting expectations. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e30f5266e8fc4f93ba09f1d0fd00cf7b2025-08-20T02:14:23ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-10-011621398210.3390/rs16213982The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) SatelliteSimona Bartocci0Roberto Battiston1Stefania Beolè2Franco Benotto3Piero Cipollone4Silvia Coli5Andrea Contin6Marco Cristoforetti7Cinzia De Donato8Cristian De Santis9Andrea Di Luca10Floarea Dumitrache11Francesco Maria Follega12Simone Garrafa Botta13Giuseppe Gebbia14Roberto Iuppa15Alessandro Lega16Mauro Lolli17Giuseppe Masciantonio18Matteo Mergè19Marco Mese20Riccardo Nicolaidis21Francesco Nozzoli22Alberto Oliva23Giuseppe Osteria24Francesco Palma25Federico Palmonari26Beatrice Panico27Stefania Perciballi28Francesco Perfetto29Piergiorgio Picozza30Michele Pozzato31Ester Ricci32Marco Ricci33Sergio Bruno Ricciarini34Zouleikha Sahnoun35Umberto Savino36Valentina Scotti37Enrico Serra38Alessandro Sotgiu39Roberta Sparvoli40Pietro Ubertini41Veronica Vilona42Simona Zoffoli43Paolo Zuccon44Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Amministrazione Centrale, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyItalian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF), Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, ItalyConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)—Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)—Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyItalian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, ItalyThe High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-02). The HEPD-02’s main purpose is to characterize the particle environment in the Earth’s vicinity, identifying sudden changes in the fluxes and correlating them with solar and terrestrial phenomena. Additionally, HEPD-02 also has capabilities in detecting Gamma-Ray Bursts. At the core of HEPD-02, a tower of scintillation counters made of plastic and LYSO crystals is able to recognize electrons in the range between 3 and 100 MeV, protons and nuclei between 30 and 200 MeV/n. Plastic scintillators covering the calorimeter on five sides allow to reject particles entering from the top and not completely absorbed within its volume. In this work, the design of the HEPD-02 is reviewed in comparison to its predecessor, HEPD-01, highlighting the innovations of the new design. The design of each scintillation counter type has been fully validated through a campaign of prototype realization, testing, and characterization. The production of the scintillation counters, including the PMT selection process, is also discussed. Finally, the performance of the counters is compared with simulations, showing an agreement of within 20% with the expected performance, thereby meeting expectations.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3982scintillatorsparticle detectorspace-borne experimentphotomultiplier tubescosmic rays |
| spellingShingle | Simona Bartocci Roberto Battiston Stefania Beolè Franco Benotto Piero Cipollone Silvia Coli Andrea Contin Marco Cristoforetti Cinzia De Donato Cristian De Santis Andrea Di Luca Floarea Dumitrache Francesco Maria Follega Simone Garrafa Botta Giuseppe Gebbia Roberto Iuppa Alessandro Lega Mauro Lolli Giuseppe Masciantonio Matteo Mergè Marco Mese Riccardo Nicolaidis Francesco Nozzoli Alberto Oliva Giuseppe Osteria Francesco Palma Federico Palmonari Beatrice Panico Stefania Perciballi Francesco Perfetto Piergiorgio Picozza Michele Pozzato Ester Ricci Marco Ricci Sergio Bruno Ricciarini Zouleikha Sahnoun Umberto Savino Valentina Scotti Enrico Serra Alessandro Sotgiu Roberta Sparvoli Pietro Ubertini Veronica Vilona Simona Zoffoli Paolo Zuccon The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite Remote Sensing scintillators particle detector space-borne experiment photomultiplier tubes cosmic rays |
| title | The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite |
| title_full | The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite |
| title_fullStr | The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite |
| title_short | The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite |
| title_sort | scintillation counters of the high energy particle detector of the china seismo electromagnetic cses 02 satellite |
| topic | scintillators particle detector space-borne experiment photomultiplier tubes cosmic rays |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3982 |
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