Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

This study aimed to comprehensively review surgical interventions for ocular surface diseases (OSDs), including dry eye syndrome (DES), exposure keratopathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and ocular graft versus host disease (oGVHD), and to highlight the indicatio...

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Main Authors: Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh, Hassan Asadigandomani, Samin Khannejad, Arman Hasanzade, Kamran Rezaei, Avery Wei Zhou, Mohammad Soleimani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Life
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/1110
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author Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh
Hassan Asadigandomani
Samin Khannejad
Arman Hasanzade
Kamran Rezaei
Avery Wei Zhou
Mohammad Soleimani
author_facet Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh
Hassan Asadigandomani
Samin Khannejad
Arman Hasanzade
Kamran Rezaei
Avery Wei Zhou
Mohammad Soleimani
author_sort Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh
collection DOAJ
description This study aimed to comprehensively review surgical interventions for ocular surface diseases (OSDs), including dry eye syndrome (DES), exposure keratopathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and ocular graft versus host disease (oGVHD), and to highlight the indications, contraindications, outcomes, and complications of various oculoplastic procedures used in their management. A narrative review was performed based on expert-guided selection of relevant studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant keywords included “ocular surface disease”, “dry eye syndrome”, “exposure keratopathy”, “thyroid eye disease (TED)”, “neurotrophic keratopathy (NK)”, “Stevens-Johnson syndrome”, “toxic epidermal necrolysis”, “punctal occlusion”, “tarsorrhaphy”, “botulinum toxin”, “eyelid loading”, “retractor weakening”, “corneal neurotization (CN)”, “amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT)”, “conjunctival flap”, “ocular graft versus host disease”, and “salivary gland transplantation (SGT)”. Studies addressing surgical approaches for OSDs were included. In conclusion, surgical options for OSDs offer significant benefits when non-invasive treatments fail. Surgical techniques such as punctal occlusion, eyelid fissure narrowing, AMT, and conjunctival flap procedures help stabilize the ocular surface and alleviate symptoms. Advanced methods like CN and SGT target the underlying pathology in refractory cases such as oGVHD. The outcomes vary depending on the disease severity and surgical approach. Each procedure carries specific risks and requires individualized patient selection. Therefore, a tailored approach based on clinical condition, anatomical involvement, and patient factors is essential to achieve optimal results. Ongoing innovations in reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine are expected to further improve outcomes for patients with OSDs.
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spelling doaj-art-e2f5a8fa84844450b44cf4df99b773f52025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292025-07-01157111010.3390/life15071110Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive ReviewSeyed Mohsen Rafizadeh0Hassan Asadigandomani1Samin Khannejad2Arman Hasanzade3Kamran Rezaei4Avery Wei Zhou5Mohammad Soleimani6Department of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, IranDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USAStudent Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, IranStudent Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, IranStudent Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, IranBernice and Harvey Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USAThis study aimed to comprehensively review surgical interventions for ocular surface diseases (OSDs), including dry eye syndrome (DES), exposure keratopathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and ocular graft versus host disease (oGVHD), and to highlight the indications, contraindications, outcomes, and complications of various oculoplastic procedures used in their management. A narrative review was performed based on expert-guided selection of relevant studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant keywords included “ocular surface disease”, “dry eye syndrome”, “exposure keratopathy”, “thyroid eye disease (TED)”, “neurotrophic keratopathy (NK)”, “Stevens-Johnson syndrome”, “toxic epidermal necrolysis”, “punctal occlusion”, “tarsorrhaphy”, “botulinum toxin”, “eyelid loading”, “retractor weakening”, “corneal neurotization (CN)”, “amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT)”, “conjunctival flap”, “ocular graft versus host disease”, and “salivary gland transplantation (SGT)”. Studies addressing surgical approaches for OSDs were included. In conclusion, surgical options for OSDs offer significant benefits when non-invasive treatments fail. Surgical techniques such as punctal occlusion, eyelid fissure narrowing, AMT, and conjunctival flap procedures help stabilize the ocular surface and alleviate symptoms. Advanced methods like CN and SGT target the underlying pathology in refractory cases such as oGVHD. The outcomes vary depending on the disease severity and surgical approach. Each procedure carries specific risks and requires individualized patient selection. Therefore, a tailored approach based on clinical condition, anatomical involvement, and patient factors is essential to achieve optimal results. Ongoing innovations in reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine are expected to further improve outcomes for patients with OSDs.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/1110dry eye syndromeSteven-Johnson syndrometoxic epidermal necrolysisophthalmology
spellingShingle Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh
Hassan Asadigandomani
Samin Khannejad
Arman Hasanzade
Kamran Rezaei
Avery Wei Zhou
Mohammad Soleimani
Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Life
dry eye syndrome
Steven-Johnson syndrome
toxic epidermal necrolysis
ophthalmology
title Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
title_full Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
title_fullStr Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
title_full_unstemmed Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
title_short Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
title_sort oculoplastic interventions in the management of ocular surface diseases a comprehensive review
topic dry eye syndrome
Steven-Johnson syndrome
toxic epidermal necrolysis
ophthalmology
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/1110
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